Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Bodunrin, Aadam Olalekan; Salimi, Sohrab; Samadi Kafil, Hossein; Samadzadeh, Sara; Samargandy, Saad; Samodra, Yoseph Leonardo; Samy, Abdallah M.; Sanabria, Juan; Sanna, Francesca; Santomauro, Damian Francesco; Santos, Itamar S.; Santric-Milicevic, Milena M.; Sao Jose, Bruno Piassi; Sarasmita, Made Ary; Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer; Saravanan, Aswini; Saravi, Babak; Sarikhani, Yaser; Sarkar, Tanmay; Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo; Sarode, Gargi Sachin; Sarode, Sachin C.; Sarveazad, Arash; Sathian, Brijesh; Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu; Satpathy, Maheswar; Sayeed, Abu; Sayeed, Md Abu; Saylan, Mete; Sayyah, Mehdi; Scarmeas, Nikolaos; Scarmeas, Nikolaos; Schlaich, Markus P.; Schlee, Winfried; Schmidt, Maria Ines; Schneider, Ione Jayce Ceola; Schuermans, Art; Schumacher, Austin E.; Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth; Schwarzinger, Michael; Schwebel, David C.; Schwendicke, Falk; Šekerija, Mario; Selvaraj, Siddharthan; Senapati, Sabyasachi; Senthilkumaran, Subramanian; Sepanlou, Sadaf G.; Serban, Dragos; Sethi, Yashendra; Sha, Feng; Shabany, Maryam; Shafaat, Amir; Salehi, Sana; Shafie, Mahan; Shah, Nilay S.; Shah, Pritik A.; Shah, Syed Mahboob; Shahabi, Saeed; Shahbandi, Ataollah; Shahid, Izza; Shahid, Samiah; Shahid, Wajeehah; Shahsavari, Hamid R.; Shahwan, Moyad Jamal; Shaikh, Ahmed; Shaikh, Masood Ali; Shakeri, Alireza; Shalash, Ali S.; Sham, Sunder; Shamim, Muhammad Aaqib; Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran; Shamshad, Hina; Saleh, Mohamed A.; Salaroli, Luciane B.; Salami, Afeez Abolarinwa; Salamati, Payman; Salam, Nasir; Sakshaug, Joseph W.; Sajid, Mirza Rizwan; Saif, Zahra; Sahu, Monalisha; Sahoo, Umakanta; Sahoo, Soumya Swaroop; Sahebkar, Amirhossein; Saheb Sharif-Askari, Narjes; Sharif-Askari, Fatemeh Saheb; Sagoe, Dominic; Saghazadeh, Amene; Sagar, Rajesh; Safi, Sher Zaman; Shamsi, Mohammad Anas; Safaeinejad, Fahimeh; Saeed, Umar; Saeb, Mohammad Reza; Sadeghian, Farideh; Sadeghi, Erfan; Sadeghi, Ehsan; Sadee, Bashdar Abuzed; Saddler, Adam; Saddik, Basema; Sachdeva, Rajesh; Sachdev, Perminder S.; Sacco, Simona; Sabour, Siamak; SaberiKamarposhti, Morteza; Saber-Ayad, Maha Mohamed; Saber, Korosh; Saadatian, Zahra; Saad, Aly M. A.; Chandan, S.N.; Rynkiewicz, Andrzej; Shanawaz, Mohd; Rwegerera, Godfrey M.; Runghien, Tilleye; Rumisha, Susan Fred; de Andrade Ruela, Guilherme; Rubagotti, Enrico; Roy, Priyanka; Roy, Nitai; Rout, Himanshu Sekhar; Roth, Gregory A.; Roshandel, Gholamreza; Ronfani, Luca; Romoli, Michele; Romero-Rodriguez, Esperanza; Romadlon, Debby Syahru; Rohloff, Peter; Rogowski, Emma Lynn Best; Roever, Leonardo; Rodrigues, Monica; Rodrigues, Celia Fortuna; Robinson-Oden, Hannah Elizabeth; Riva, Hannah R.; Rickard, Jennifer; Ribeiro, Antonio Luiz P.; Riaz, Mavra A.; Rhee, Taeho Gregory; Rezaeian, Mohsen; Rezaei, Negar; Rezaei, Nazila; Rezaei, Maryam; Reyes, Luis Felipe; Remuzzi, Giuseppe; Reiner, Robert C.; Reifels, Lennart; Rehman, Faizan Ur; Redwan, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed; Razo, Christian; Raza, Rabail Zehra; Rawlley, Bharat; Rawassizadeh, Reza; Rawal, Lal; Rawaf, Salman; Rawaf, David Laith; Ravikumar, Nakul; Ravangard, Ramin; Rauniyar, Santosh Kumar; Rathnaiah Babu, Giridhara; Rasul, Azad; Rasouli-Saravani, Ashkan; Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi; Rashedi, Vahid; Rashedi, Sina; Rasella, Davide; Rasali, Drona Prakash; Rao, Sowmya J.; Rao, Mithun; Rao, Indu Ramachandra; Rao, Chythra R.; Rane, Amey; Rancic, Nemanja; Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal; Rana, Kritika; Ramazanu, Sheena; Ramasamy, Shakthi Kumaran; Rakovac, Ivo; Shankar, Abhishek; Sharfaei, Sadaf; Sharifan, Amin; Sharifi-Rad, Javad; Sharma, Rajesh; Sharma, Saurab; Rajput, Prashant; Rajaa, Sathish; Rahmanian, Vahid; Rahmani, Shayan; Rahmani, Amir Masoud; Rahman, Muhammad Aziz; Rahman, Mosiur; Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur; Rahman, Md Mosfequr; Sharma, Ujjawal; Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa; Sharma, Vishal; Shastry, Rajesh P.; Shavandi, Amin; Shayan, Maryam; Shehabeldine, Amr Mohamed Elsayed; Sheikh, Aziz; Sheikhi, Rahim Ali; Shen, Jiabin; Shetty, Adithi; Rahim, Md Jillur; Rahim, Fakher; Raheem, Nasiru; Raghav, Pankaja Raghav; Raggi, Alberto; Shetty, B. Suresh Kumar; Shetty, Pavanchand H.; Rafferty, Quinn; Raeisi Shahraki, Hadi; Shi, Peilin; Shibuya, Kenji; Shiferaw, Desalegn; Shigematsu, Mika; Shin, Min-Jeong; Shin, Youn Ho; Shiri, Rahman; Shirkoohi, Reza; Radhakrishnan, Venkatraman; Radhakrishnan, Raghu Anekal; Shitaye, Nebiyu Aniley; Radfar, Amir; Shittu, Aminu; Shiue, Ivy; Shivakumar, K.M.; Shivarov, Velizar; Shokraneh, Farhad; Shokri, Azad; Shool, Sina; Shorofi, Seyed Afshin; Shrestha, Sunil; Shuval, Kerem; Rabiee Rad, Mehrdad; Siddig, Emmanuel Edwar; Qureshi, Maryam Faiz; Qiu, Suli; Silva, Joao Pedro; Silva, Luis Manuel Lopes Rodrigues; Silva, Soraia; Simpson, Colin R.; Singal, Anjali; Singh, Abhinav; Singh, Balbir Bagicha; Singh, Garima; Qian, Gangzhen; Singh, Jasbir; Singh, Narinder Pal; Singh, Paramdeep; Singh, Surjit; Sinha, Dhirendra Narain; Sinto, Robert; Siraj, Md Shahjahan; Sirota, Sarah Brooke; Sitas, Freddy; Sivakumar, Shravan; Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich; Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna; Sleet, David A.; Socea, Bogdan; Sokhan, Anton; Solanki, Ranjan; Solanki, Shipra; Soleimani, Hamidreza; Qazi, Asma Saleem; Qattea, Ibrahim; Soliman, Sameh S. M.; Qasim, Nameer Hashim; Song, Suhang; Song, Yimeng; Sorensen, Reed J. D.; Soriano, Joan B.; Soyiri, Ireneous N.; Spartalis, Michael; Spearman, Sandra; Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T.; Srivastava, Vijay Kumar; Stanaway, Jeffrey D.; Stanikzai, Muhammad Haroon; Stark, Benjamin A.; Starnes, Joseph R.; Starodubova, Antonina V.; Stein, Caroline; Stein, Dan J.; Steinbeis, Fridolin; Steiner, Caitlyn; Steinmetz, Jaimie D.; Steiropoulos, Paschalis; Stevanović, Aleksandar; Stockfelt, Leo; Stokes, Mark A.; Stortecky, Stefan; Subramaniyan, Vetriselvan; Suleman, Muhammad; Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Rizwan; Puvvula, Jagadeesh; Sultana, Abida; Purohit, Bharathi M.; Pritchett, Natalie; Priscilla, Tina; Prieto Alhambra, Daniel; Sun, Haitong Zhe; Sun, Jing; Prates, Elton Junio Sady; Sundstrom, Johan; Prashant, Akila; Prasad, Manya; Prakasham, Thejeswar N.; Pradhan, Pranil Man Singh; Prada, Sergio I.; Pourtaheri, Naeimeh; Pourshams, Akram; Poudel, Govinda Raj; Postma, Maarten J.; Porru, Fabio; Ponkilainen, Ville T.; Poluru, Ramesh; Polkinghorne, Kevan R.; Polinder, Suzanne; Sunkersing, David; Sunnerhagen, Katharina S.; Swain, Chandan Kumar; Szarpak, Lukasz; Szeto, Mindy D.; Poddighe, Dimitri; Podder, Vivek; Plotnikov, Evgenii; Szocska, Miklos; Tabaee Damavandi, Payam; Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael; Plakkal, Nishad; Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mohammad; Pirouzpanah, Saeed; Tabatabaei Malazy, Ozra; Tabatabaeizadeh, Seyed-Amir; Tabatabai, Shima; Tabish, Mohammad; Tadkamadla, Jyothi; Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar; Taheri Abkenar, Yasaman; Taheri Soodejani, Moslem; Piradov, Michael A.; Taiba, Jabeen; Takahashi, Ken; Talaat, Iman M.; Talukder, Ashis; Tampa, Mircea; Piracha, Zahra Zahid; Tamuzi, Jacques Lukenze; Tan, Ker-Kan; Pilgrim, Thomas; Tandukar, Sarmila; Tang, Haosu; Pigott, David M.; Tang, Hong K.; Pigeolet, Manon; Tarigan, Ingan Ukur; Tariku, Mengistie Kassahun; Tariqujjaman, Md; Tarkang, Elvis Enowbeyang; Tavakoli Oliaee, Razieh; Tavangar, Seyed Mohammad; Pierannunzio, Daniela; Phillips, Michael R.; Philip, Anil K.; Taveira, Nuno; Tefera, Yibekal Manaye; Temsah, Mohamad-Hani; Temsah, Reem Mohamad Hani; Teramoto, Masayuki; Tesler, Riki; Teye-Kwadjo, Enoch; Thakur, Rishu; Thangaraju, Pugazhenthan; Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman; Tharwat, Samar; Thayakaran, Rasiah; Thomas, Nihal; Thomas, Nikhil Kenny; Thomson, Azalea M.; Thrift, Amanda G.; Thum, Chern Choong Chern; Thygesen, Lau Caspar; Tian, Jing; Tichopad, Ales; Ticoalu, Jansje Henny Vera; Tillawi, Tala; Tiruye, Tenaw Yimer; Pham, Hoang Tran; Petri, William A.; Petermann-Rocha, Fanny Emily; Pesudovs, Konrad; Pestell, Richard G.; Perico, Norberto; Perianayagam, Arokiasamy; Peres, Mario F. 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A.; Omer, Goran Latif; Omar Bali, Ahmed; Wondimagegene, Yohannes Addisu; Omar, Hany A.; Wong, Yen Jun; Oluwafemi, Yinka Doris; Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun; Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola; Olufadewa, Isaac Iyinoluwa; Oliveira, Glaucia Maria Moraes; Wongsin, Utoomporn; Wu, Ai-Min; Wu, Chenkai; Olatubi, Matthew Idowu; Wu, Felicia; Olaiya, Muideen Tunbosun; Wu, Xinsheng; Wu, Zenghong; Xia, Juan; Xiao, Hong; Olagunju, Andrew T.; Xie, Yang; Xu, Suowen; Xu, Wang-Dong; Xu, Xiaoyue; Xu, Yvonne Yiru; Yadollahpour, Ali; Yamagishi, Kazumasa; Yang, Danting; Yano, Yuichiro; Okonji, Osaretin Christabel; Yao, Yao; Okekunle, Akinkunmi Paul; Okeke, Sylvester Reuben; Yaribeygi, Habib; Ye, Pengpeng; Yehualashet, Sisay Shewasinad; Yesiltepe, Metin; Yesuf, Subah Abderehim; Okati-Aliabad, Hassan; Yezli, Saber; Yi, Siyan; Yigezu, Amanuel; Yiǧit, Arzu; Yip, Paul; Yismaw, Malede Berihun; Yismaw, Yazachew; Yonemoto, Naohiro; Yoon, Seok-Jun; You, Yuyi; Younis, Mustafa Z.; Yousefi, Zabihollah; Oh, In-Hwan; Oguntade, Ayodipupo Sikiru; Ogunkoya, Abiola; Ofakunrin, Akinyemi O. D.; Oduro, Michael Safo; O'Donnell, Martin James; Odogwu, Nkechi Martina; Odetokun, Ismail A.; Oboh, Mary Aigbiremo; Obamiro, Kehinde O.; Oancea, Bogdan; Nutor, Jerry John; Nurrika, Dieta; Nunez-Samudio, Virginia; Ntsekhe, Mpiko; Ntaios, George; Nri-Ezedi, Chisom Adaobi; Novotney, Amanda; Noubiap, Jean Jacques; Norrving, Bo; Noroozi, Nafise; Noreen, Mamoona; Nomura, Shuhei; Noman, Efaq Ali; Nnyanzi, Lawrence Achilles; Nnaji, Chukwudi A.; Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini; Nikpoor, Amin Reza; Nikoomanesh, Fatemeh; Yu, Chuanhua; Yu, Yong; Yuh, Faith H.; Nikoobar, Ali; Nikolouzakis, Taxiarchis Konstantinos; Zadey, Siddhesh; Zadnik, Vesna; Zafari, Nima; Zakham, Fathiah; Zaki, Nazar; Nigatu, Yeshambel T.; Zaman, Sojib Bin; Nielsen, Katie R.; Zamora, Nelson; Zand, Ramin; Zangiabadian, Moein; Zar, Heather J.; Niazi, Robina Khan; Zare, Iman; Zarrintan, Armin; Zeariya, Mohammed G. M.; Zeinali, Zahra; Zhang, Haijun; Zhang, Jianrong; Zhang, Jingya; Zhang, Liqun; Zhang, Yunquan; Zhang, Zhi-Jiang; Zhao, Hanqing; Zhong, Chenwen; Zhou, Juexiao; Zhu, Bin; Zhu, Lei; Ziafati, Makan; Nguyen, Van Thanh; Nguyen, Phat Tuan; Nguyen, Hau Thi Hien; Nguyen, Dang H.; Nguyen, Anh Hoang; Zielińska, Magdalena; Zitoun, Osama A.; Zoladl, Mohammad; Zou, Zhiyong; Zuhlke, Liesl J.; Zumla, Alimuddin; Zweck, Elric; Zyoud, Samer H.; Wool, Eve E.; Murray, Christopher J. L.; Ngunjiri, Josephine W.; Nguefack-Tsague, Georges; Nggada, Haruna Asura; Ng, Marie; Nepal, Samata; Nena, Evangelia; Nejjari, Chakib; Nejadghaderi, Seyed Aria; Negru, Serban Mircea; Negoi, Ruxandra Irina; Negoi, Ionut; Negash, Hadush; Nduaguba, Sabina Onyinye; Ndejjo, Rawlance; Nazri-Panjaki, Athare; Nayak, Vinod C.; Nayak, Biswa Prakash; Naveed, Muhammad; Nauman, Javaid; Natto, Zuhair S.; Nashwan, Abdulqadir J.; Nasehi, Samar; Nascimento, Gustavo G.; Nascimento, Bruno Ramos; Nargus, Shumaila; Narayana, Aparna Ichalangod; Narasimha Swamy, Sreenivas; Naqvi, Atta Abbas; Nangia, Vinay; Nakhostin Ansari, Noureddin; Najmuldeen, Hastyar Hama Rashid; Nair, Sanjeev; Nainu, Firzan; Naik, Gurudatta; Naik, Ganesh R.; Naheed, Aliya; Naghavi, Pirouz; Nagel, Gabriele; Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman; Myung, Woojae; Muzaffar, Muhammad; Muthusamy, Raman; Muthupandian, Saravanan; Mustafa, Ghulam; Mustafa, Ahmad; Musallam, Khaled M.; Musaigwa, Fungai; Murillo-Zamora, Efren; Munjal, Kavita; Mulita, Francesk; Mukherjee, Sumoni; Mughal, Faraz; Mueller, Ulrich Otto; Muccioli, Lorenzo; Mubarik, Sumaira; Mrejen, Matias; Mpolya, Emmanuel A.; Mousavi Khaneghah, Amin; Mousavi, Seyed Ehsan; Mousavi, Parsa; Mouodi, Simin; Mougin, Vincent; Motappa, Rohith; Mosser, Jonathan F.; Morze, Jakub; Morrison, Shane Douglas; Morovatdar, Negar; Moreira, Rafael Silveira; Morawska, Lidia; Moraga, Paula; Moradzadeh, Maliheh; Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar; Moradi, Yousef; Moradi, Maryam; Moodi Ghalibaf, AmirAli; Moni, Mohammad Ali; Mondello, Stefania; Monasta, Lorenzo; Momtazmanesh, Sara; Molokhia, Mariam; Molinaro, Sabrina; Mokdad, Ali H.; Mokari, Amin; Mojiri-Forushani, Hoda; Mohan, Viswanathan; Mohammed, Shafiu; Mohammed, Salahuddin; Mohammed, Mustapha; Mohammed, Hussen; Mohammed, Hassen; Mohammadifard, Noushin; Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah; Mohammadi, Soheil; Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi, Sakineh; Mohamed, Nouh Saad; Mohamed, Mouhand F. H.; Mohamed, Jama; Mohamadkhani, Ashraf; Moberg, Madeline E.; Mobayen, Mohammadreza; Mittal, Chaitanya; Mithra, Prasanna; Mitchell, Philip B.; Misra, Sanjeev; Mishra, Ashim; Misganaw, Awoke; Mirzaei, Maryam; Mirutse, Mizan Kiros; Mirrakhimov, Erkin M.; Mirijello, Antonio; Mirica, Andreea; Mir Mohammad Sadeghi, Pouya; Mini, G.K.; Minh, Le Huu Nhat; Mills, Edward J.; Miller, Ted R.; Michalek, Irmina Maria; Micha, Georgia; Miazgowski, Tomasz; Mi, Tianyue; Mhlanga, Laurette; Mhlanga, Adquate; Meylakhs, Peter; Mettananda, Sachith; Mettananda, Kukulege Chamila Dinushi; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Mesfin, Bezawit Afework; Mersha, Abera M.; Meretoja, Tuomo J.; Meretoja, Atte; Meresa, Haftu Asmerom; Meo, Sultan Ayoub; Mentis, Alexios-Fotios A.; Mengist, Belayneh; Menezes, Ritesh G.; Mendoza, Walter; Mendez-Lopez, Max Alberto Mendez; Meles, Gebrekiros Gebremichael; Mekene Meto, Tesfahun; Mehrabi Nasab, Entezar; Mehrabani-Zeinabad, Kamran; Mehra, Rahul; Meena, Jitendra Kumar; Mediratta, Rishi P.; Medina, John Robert Carabeo; Mechili, Enkeleint A.; McPhail, Steven M.; McLaughlin, Susan A.; McKowen, Anna Laura W.; McKee, Martin; McGrath, John J.; Mazidi, Mohsen; Mazaheri, Maryam; Mayeli, Mahsa; Maulik, Pallab K.; Maugeri, Andrea; Maude, Richard James; Matzopoulos, Richard; Mattumpuram, Jishanth; Mathur, Manu Raj; Mathioudakis, Alexander G.; Mathieson, Stephanie; Masrie, Awoke; Masaka, Anthony; Marzo, Roy Rillera; Maryam, Sharmeen; Marx, Wolfgang; Martorell, Miquel; Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlandio; Martini, Santi; Martini, Daniela; Martinez-Piedra, Ramon; Martinez-Guerra, Bernardo Alfonso; Martinez, Gabriel; Marjani, Abdoljalal; Marino, Mirko; Mardi, Parham; Marconi, Agustina M.; Maravilla, Joemer C.; Marateb, Hamid Reza; Marasini, Bishnu P.; Maqsood, Sajid; Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni; Mansournia, Mohammad Ali; Mansouri, Pejman; Mamun, Abdullah A.; Malta, Deborah Carvalho; Malik, Iram; Malik, Ahmad Azam; Malhotra, Kashish; Malhotra, Armaan K.; Malekzadeh, Reza; Maled, Venkatesh; Malakan Rad, Elaheh; Makhdoom, Irsa Fatima; Majeed, Azeem; Mahmoudi, Razzagh; Mahmoudi, Elham; Mahmoudi, Alireza; Mahmoud, Mansour Adam; Mahjoub, Soleiman; Maharaj, Sandeep B.; Maghazachi, Azzam A.; Madureira-Carvalho, Aurea M.; Madsen, Christian; Madadizadeh, Farzan; Machoy, Monika; Machairas, Nikolaos; Maass, Kelsey Lynn; Ma, Zheng Feei; Lunevicius, Raimundas; Lugo, Alessandra; Lucchetti, Giancarlo; Lubinda, Jailos; Lozano, Rafael; Lotufo, Paulo A.; Lorkowski, Stefan; Loreche, Arianna Maever; Lopukhov, Platon D.; Lopez-Bueno, Ruben; Loftus, Michael J.; Llanaj, Erand; Liu, Xuefeng; Liu, Xiaofeng; Liu, Shiwei; Liu, Runben; Liu, Jue; Liu, Gang; Liu, Chaojie; Linehan, Christine; Lindstrom, Megan; Lim, Stephen S.; Lim, Lee-Ling; Likaka, Andrew Tiyamike Makhiringa; Ligade, Virendra S.; Li, Zhihui; Li, Yichong; Li, Xiaopan; Li, Wei; Li, Ming-Chieh; Lerango, Temesgen L.; Leong, Elvynna; Leigh, James; LeGrand, Kate E.; Lee, Yo Han; Lee, Wei-Chen; Lee, Shaun Wen Huey; Lee, Seung Won; Lee, Paul H.; Lee, Munjae; Ledesma, Jorge R.; Ledda, Caterina; Le, Trang Diep Thanh; Le, Thao Thi Thu; Le, Nhi Huu Hanh; Lauriola, Paolo; Latifinaibin, Kaveh; Latief, Kamaluddin; Lassi, Zohra S.; Lasrado, Savita; Larsson, Anders O.; Larijani, Bagher; Laplante-Levesque, Ariane; Lansingh, Van Charles; Langguth, Berthold; Lang, Justin J.; Lanfranchi, Francesco; Landrum, Kelsey R.; Lam, Judit; Lam, Hilton; Lallukka, Tea; Lalloo, Ratilal; Lal, Dharmesh Kumar; Lai, Daphne Teck Ching; Lahmar, Abdelilah; Lager, Anton C. J.; Lagat, Abraham K.; Laflamme, Lucie; Ladan, Muhammad Awwal; Lacey, Ben; La Vecchia, Carlo; Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe; Kyriopoulos, Ilias; Kwarteng, Alexander; Kusuma, Dian; Kusnali, Asep; Kurmi, Om P.; Kundu, Satyajit; Kumie, Fantahun Tarekegn; Kumari, Madhulata; Kumar, Rakesh; Kumar, Manasi; Kumar, Harish; Kumar, Ashish; Kumar, Akshay; Kulkarni, Vishnutheertha; Kulimbet, Mukhtar; Kuitunen, Ilari; Kuddus, Mohammed; Kuddus, Md Abdul; Kucuk Bicer, Burcu; Kuate Defo, Barthelemy; Krohn, Kris J.; Krishnamoorthy, Yuvaraj; Krishnamoorthy, Vijay; Krishna, Varun; Krishna, Hare; Krishan, Kewal; Koulmane Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi; Koul, Parvaiz A.; Kostev, Karel; Kosen, Soewarta; Koren, Gerbrand; Kompani, Farzad; Kolves, Kairi; Kolahi, Ali-Asghar; Koh, David S. Q.; Kocsis, Timea; Kochhar, Sonali; Kocarnik, Jonathan M.; Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo; Klu, Desmond; Kisa, Sezer; Kisa, Adnan; Kinzel, Kasey E.; Kimokoti, Ruth W.; Kim, Yun Jin; Kim, Min Seo; Kim, Kwanghyun; Kim, Jihee; Kim, Grace; Kifle, Zemene Demelash; Khosravi, Mohammad Ali; Khosravi, Ahmad; Khorrami, Zahra; Khormali, Moein; Khorgamphar, Mohammad; Khodadoust, Elaheh; Khidri, Feriha Fatima; Kashani, Hamid Reza Khayat; Khavandegar, Armin; Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad; Khatatbeh, Haitham; Khatami, Fatemeh; Khatab, Khaled; Khanmohammadi, Shaghayegh; Khan Suheb, Mahammed Ziauddin; Khan, Zeeshan Ali; Khan, Moien Ab; Khan, Mohammad Jobair; Khan, Maseer; Khan, M. Nuruzzaman; Khan, Imteyaz A.; Khan, Ikramullah; Khan, Gulfaraz; Khan, Asaduzzaman; Khan, Ajmal; Khamesipour, Faham; Khalilian, Alireza; Khalil, Anees Ahmed; Khalid, Nauman; Khalaji, Amirmohammad; Khajuria, Himanshu; Kesse-Guyot, Emmanuelle; Kerr, Jessica A.; Kempen, John H.; Kelly, Jaimon Terence; Keller, Cathleen; Keiyoro, Peter Njenga; Keflie, Tibebeselassie S.; Kebede, Fassikaw; Kebede, Adera Debella; Kebebew, Getu Mosisa; Kazmi, Tahseen Haider; Kazemian, Sina; Kazemi, Foad; Kayode, Gbenga A.; Kawakami, Norito; Kaur, Navjot; Kauppila, Joonas H.; Kassel, Molly B.; Kassebaum, Nicholas J.; Kasraei, Hengameh; Kasnazani, Qalandar Hussein Abdulkarim; Kashoo, Faizan Zaffar; Karimi Behnagh, Arman; Karimi, Salah Eddin; Karim, Asima; Karch, Andre; Karaye, Ibraheem M.; Karasneh, Reema A.; Karanth, Shama D.; Karajizadeh, Mehrdad; Kapoor, Neeti; Kantar, Rami S.; Kansal, Sushil Kumar; Suthanthira Kannan, S.; Kanmodi, Kehinde Kazeem; Kanmiki, Edmund Wedam; Kanmanthareddy, Arun R.; Kandel, Himal; Kanchan, Tanuj; Kanagasabai, Thanigaivelan; Kamyari, Naser; Kamiab, Zahra; Kamath, Rajesh; Kamarajah, Sivesh Kathir; Kamal, Vineet Kumar; Kalra, Sanjay; Kaliyadan, Feroze; Kalankesh, Leila R.; Kalankesh, Laleh R.; Kalani, Rizwan; Kadir, Dler Hussein; Kadashetti, Vidya; Kabir, Zubair; Kabir, Ali; Kaambwa, Billingsley; Vaishali, K.; Jurisson, Mikk; Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy; Joshy, Grace; Joshua, Charity Ehimwenma; Joseph, Nitin; Joseph, Abel; Joo, Tamas; Jonas, Jost B.; Jokar, Mohammad; Johnson, Olatunji; Jin, Yingzhao; Jiang, Heng; Jha, Ravi Prakash; Jha, Anil K.; Jeganathan, Jayakumar; Jee, Sun Ha; Jebai, Rime; Jayaram, Shubha; Jayapal, Sathish Kumar; Javaheri, Tahereh; Javadov, Sabzali; Jatau, Abubakar Ibrahim; Janko, Mark M.; Jamshidi, Elham; Jaiswal, Abhishek; Jairoun, Ammar Abdulrahman; Jain, Nityanand; Jahrami, Haitham; Jahanmehr, Nader; Jahankhani, Kasra; Jaggi, Khushleen; Jafarzadeh, Abdollah; Jafarinia, Morteza; Jadidi-Niaragh, Farhad; Jacobsen, Kathryn H.; Jacob, Louis; Jaafari, Jalil; Linda Merin, J.; Iyer, Mahalaxmi; Iyamu, Ihoghosa Osamuyi; Iwu, Chidozie C. D.; Iwagami, Masao; Isola, Gaetano; Iso, Hiroyasu; Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah; Ismail, Faisal; Islami, Farhad; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful; Islam, Md Rabiul; Iregbu, Kenneth Chukwuemeka; Iradukunda, Arnaud; Iqhrammullah, Muhammad; Indriasih, Endang; Inamdar, Sumant; Immurana, Mustapha; Imam, Mohammad Tarique; Ilic, Milena D.; Ilic, Irena M.; Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen; Ikwegbue, Paul Chukwudi; Ikuta, Kevin S.; Ikiroma, Adalia I.; Ijo, Desta; Iftikhar, Pulwasha Maria; Ibrahim, Khalid S.; Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel; Hwang, Bing-Fang; Huynh, Hong-Han; Hussien, Foziya Mohammed; Hussein, Nawfal R.; Azhar Hussain, M.; Hussain, Javid; Hundie, Tsegaye Gebreyes; Humayun, Ayesha; Hultstrom, Michael; Huang, Junjie; Hu, Chengxi; Hsu, Rebecca L.; Chiarong Hsieh, Vivian; Hsairi, Mohamed; Hostiuc, Sorin; Hostiuc, Mihaela; Hosseinzadeh Adli, Ahmad; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Hosseinzadeh, Hassan; Hosseini, Mohammad-Salar; Hossain, Sahadat; Hossain, Md Mahbub; Horita, Nobuyuki; Holla, Ramesh; Hiraike, Yuta; Hill, Catherine L.; Hezam, Kamal; Hesami, Hamed; Herteliu, Claudiu; Herrera-Serna, Brenda Yuliana; Hendrie, Delia; Helfer, Bartosz; Heidari-Foroozan, Mahsa; Heidari, Mohammad; Heidari, Golnaz; Hegazi, Omar E.; Hebert, Jeffrey J.; He, Jiawei; Hay, Simon I.; Havmoeller, Rasmus J.; Haubold, Johannes; Hassankhani, Hadi; Hassanipour, Soheil; Hassan, Ikrama; Hasnain, Md Saquib; Hashi, Abdiwahab; Hasanian, Mohammad; Hasani, Hamidreza; Hasan, M. Tasdik; Hasan, Ikramul; Hasaballah, Ahmed I.; Haro, Josep Maria; Hargono, Arief; Harapan, Harapan; Haque, Md Nuruzzaman; Hannan, Md Abdul; Hanna, Fahad; Hankey, Graeme J.; Hanifi, Nasrin; Hanif, Asif; Han, Qiuxia; Han, Chieh; Hamilton, Erin B.; Hamidi, Samer; Hameed, Sajid; Hamadeh, Randah R.; Halwani, Rabih; Haller, Sebastian; Hall, Brian J.; Halboub, Esam S.; Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin; Hailu, Alemayehu; Haile, Demewoz; Hafezi-Nejad, Nima; Haep, Nils; Hadi, Najah R.; Hadei, Mostafa; Haddadi, Rasool; Habibzadeh, Parham; Habibzadeh, Farrokh; Gutierrez, Reyna Alma; Gurmessa, Lami; Gupta, Vivek Kumar; Gupta, Vijai Kumar; Gupta, Veer Bala; Gupta, Sapna; Gupta, Rajeev; Gupta, Rajat Das; Gupta, Mohak; Gupta, Manoj Kumar; Gupta, Bhawna; Gupta, Anish Kumar; Guo, Cui; Gunturu, Sasidhar; Gunawardane, Damitha Asanga; Gulati, Snigdha; Guimaraes, Rafael Alves; Guicciardi, Stefano; Guha, Avirup; Gudeta, Mesay Dechasa; Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen; Guarducci, Giovanni; Guan, Shi-Yang; Grosso, Giuseppe; Grivna, Michal; Graham, Simon Matthew; Grada, Ayman; Goyal, Anmol; Goulart, Barbara Niegia Garcia; Goulart, Alessandra C.; Goudarzi, Houman; Gorini, Giuseppe; Gopalani, Sameer Vali; Gona, Philimon N.; Gomes, Nelson G. M.; Goleij, Pouya; Golechha, Mahaveer; Goldust, Mohamad; Golchin, Ali; Goel, Amit; Godinho, Myron Anthony; Gobolos, Laszlo; Gnedovskaya, Elena V.; Glasbey, James C.; Girmay, Alem; Ginindza, Themba G.; Gillum, Richard F.; Gill, Tiffany K.; Gill, Paramjit Singh; Ghoshal, Aloke Gopal; Ghorbani Vajargah, Pooyan; Ghorbani, Mahsa; Gholizadeh, Nasim; Gholamrezanezhad, Ali; Gholamian, Asadollah; Gholamalizadeh, Maryam; Ghoba, Sama; Ghimire, Ajnish; Ghazy, Ramy Mohamed; Ghassemi, Fariba; Ghashghaee, Ahmad; Ghasemzadeh, Afsaneh; Ghasempour Dabaghi, Ghazal; Ghasemi, Mohammad-Reza; Ghailan, Khalid Yaser; Ghahramani, Sulmaz; Ghadiri, Keyghobad; Getie, Molla; Gething, Peter W.; Getachew, Tamirat; Georgescu, Simona Roxana; Gebremeskel, Teferi Gebru; Gebrehiwot, Mesfin; Gebregergis, Miglas W.; Gebi, Tilaye Gebru; Gbadamosi, Semiu Olatunde; Gautam, Rupesh K.; Garg, Naval; Garg, Jalaj; Gardner, William M.; Garcia-Gordillo, Ma; Ganiyani, Mohammad Arfat; Ganesan, Balasankar; Gandhi, Aravind P.; Ganbat, Mandukhai; Gallus, Silvano; Galles, Natalie C.; Galali, Yaseen; Gakidou, Emmanuela; Gaihre, Santosh; Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji; Gadanya, Muktar A.; Gaal, Peter Andras; Fux, Blima; Fuller, John E.; Fukumoto, Takeshi; Friedman, Sara D.; Friedman, Joseph; Freitas, Alberto; Franklin, Richard Charles; Francis, Kate Louise; Fowobaje, Kayode Raphael; Foschi, Matteo; Fortuna, Daniela; Forthun, Ingeborg; Foroutan, Masoud; Foroutan, Behzad; Fomenkov, Artem Alekseevich; Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin; Foigt, Nataliya A.; Florin, Bobirca Teodor; Flood, David; Flavel, Joanne; Fischer, Florian; Filip, Irina; Feyisa, Bikila Regassa; Fetensa, Getahun; Ferreira, Nuno; Ferrari, Alize J.; Ferrante, Daniela; Feroze, Abdullah Hamid; Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad; Feng, Xiaoru; Fekadu, Ginenus; Feizkhah, Alireza; Feigin, Valery L.; Fazeli, Pooria; Fauk, Nelsensius Klau; Fattahi, Hamed; Fatehizadeh, Ali; Fasanmi, Abidemi Omolara; Faro, Andre; Faris, Pawan Sirwan; Faris, MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud; Sa Farinha, Carla Sofia E; Fareed, Mohammad; Falzone, Luca; Fakhri-Demeshghieh, Aliasghar; Fahimi, Saman; Fahim, Ayesha; Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis; Fadaka, Adewale Oluwaseun; Fabin, Natalia; Etaee, Farshid; Esubalew, Habtamu; Espinosa-Montero, Juan; Eskandarieh, Sharareh; Eshrati, Babak; Esezobor, Christopher Imokhuede; Erkhembayar, Ryenchindorj; Engelbert Bain, Luchuo; Emeto, Theophilus I.; Elsohaby, Ibrahim; Elshaer, Mohammed; Elmonem, Mohamed A.; Elmeligy, Omar Abdelsadek Abdou; Elilo, Legesse Tesfaye; El-Huneidi, Waseem; Elhadi, Muhammed; Elhabashy, Hala Rashad; ElGohary, Ghada Metwally Tawfik; Elgendy, Islam Y.; Elgar, Frank J.; Elemam, Noha Mousaad; Elema, Teshome Bekele; Elbarazi, Iffat; El Sayed, Iman; Ekundayo, Temitope Cyrus; Ekholuenetale, Michael; Eini, Ebrahim; Eikemo, Terje Andreas; Effendi, Diyan Ermawan; Efendi, Ferry; Efendi, Defi; Edvardsson, Kristina; Edvardsson, David; Edinur, Hisham Atan; Echieh, Chidiebere Peter; Ebrahimi, Alireza; Eboreime, Ejemai; E'Mar, Abdel Rahman; Dziedzic, Arkadiusz Marian; Dzianach, Paulina Agnieszka; Dwyer-Lindgren, Laura; Durojaiye, Oyewole Christopher; Duraisamy, Senbagam; Duraes, Andre Rodrigues; Duncan, Bruce B.; Dube, John; Du, Mi; Dsouza, Viola; Dsouza, Haneil Larson; Driscoll, Tim Robert; Dowou, Robert Kokou; Doshmangir, Leila; Doshi, Rajkumar; dos Santos, Wendel Mombaque; Dorsey, E. Ray; Dorostkar, Fariba; D'Oria, Mario; Dongarwar, Deepa; Dong, Wanyue; Dominguez, Regina-Mae Villanueva; Dolecek, Christiane; Dokova, Klara Georgieva; Dohare, Sushil; Dodangeh, Milad; Dodangeh, Masoud; Doaei, Saeid; do Prado, Camila Bruneli; Do, Thao Huynh Phuong; Djalalinia, Shirin; Dirac, M. Ashworth; Dinis-Oliveira, Ricardo Jorge; Ding, Huanghe; Ding, Delaney D.; Dima, Adriana; Diaz, Michael J.; Diaz, Daniel; Dias da Silva, Diana; Dhulipala, Vishal R.; Dhingra, Sameer; Dhimal, Meghnath; Dhama, Kuldeep; Dhali, Arkadeep; Dewan, Syed Masudur Rahman; Devanbu, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan; Desai, Rupak; Desai, Hardik Dineshbhai; Des Jarlais, Don C.; Dervišević, Emina; Dervenis, Nikolaos; Dereje, Nebiyu; Deravi, Niloofar; Denova-Gutierrez, Edgar; Deng, Xinlei; Deng, Ke; Demetriades, Andreas K.; Demessa, Berecha Hundessa; Delgado-Enciso, Ivan; Del Bo, Cristian; Deitesfeld, Lee; Dehghan, Azizallah; Degenhardt, Louisa; Debopadhaya, Shayom; Debele, Aklilu Tamire; de Luca, Katie; De Leo, Diego; Davletov, Kairat; Davis Weaver, Nicole; Davila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto; Davey, Gail; Dastiridou, Anna; Dashti, Mohsen; Dash, Nihar Ranjan; Dascalu, Ana Maria; Das, Subasish; Das, Saswati; Das, Jai K.; Darega Gela, Jiregna; Damiani, Giovanni; Dalli, Lachlan L.; Dai, Zhaoli; Dai, Xiaochen; Dai, Siyu; Dadras, Omid; Dadana, Sriharsha; Curado, Maria Paula; Cunningham, Matthew; Cullen, Patricia; Culbreth, Garland T.; Cuadra-Hernandez, Silvia Magali; Cruz-Martins, Natalia; Criqui, Michael H.; Cramer, Kenneth Michael; Cowden, Richard G.; Couto, Rosa A. S.; Cousin, Ewerton; Costanzo, Simona; Costa, Vera Marisa; Cortesi, Paolo Angelo; Cortese, Samuele; Conde, Joao; Comfort, Haley; Columbus, Alyssa; Cogen, Rebecca M.; Coberly, Kaleb; Claro, Rafael M.; Claassens, Mareli M.; Cioffi, Iolanda; Cindi, Zinhle; Chutiyami, Muhammad; Chung, Sheng-Chia; Chung, Eunice; Chung, Erin; Chung, Eric; Chukwu, Isaac Sunday; Christopher, Devasahayam J.; Chowdhury, Rajiv; Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan; Chopra, Hitesh; Chong, Bryan; Cho, William C. S.; Chitheer, Abdulaal; Chirinos-Caceres, Jesus Lorenzo; Ching, Patrick R.; Chimoriya, Ritesh; Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel; Chien, Ju-Huei; Cheru, Wondimye Ashenafi; Cherbuin, Nicolas; Cheng, Esther T. W.; Cheng, Ching-Yu; Chen, Simiao; Chen, Meng Xuan; Chen, Haowei; Chen, Catherine S.; Chen, An-Tian; Chen, Angela W.; Chaurasia, Akhilanand; Chatzimavridou-Grigoriadou, Victoria; Chaturvedi, Pankaj; Chattu, Vijay Kumar; Charalampous, Periklis; Chanie, Gashaw Sisay; Chang, Jung-Chen; Chang, Chin-Kuo; Chandrasekar, Eeshwar K.; Chandika, Rama Mohan; Chan, Raymond N. C.; Chan, Jeffrey Shi Kai; Chakraborty, Promit Ananyo; Chakraborty, Chiranjib; Chahine, Yaacoub; Chadwick, Joshua; Cevik, Muge; Cerin, Ester; Cercy, Kelly M.; Cenderadewi, Muthia; Cembranel, Francieli; Cegolon, Luca; Cederroth, Christopher R.; Cattaruzza, Maria Sofia; Catapano, Alberico L.; Catalá-López, Ferrán; Castelpietra, Giulio; Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A.; Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio; Carvalho, Márcia; Carvalho, Felix; Carvalheiro, Cristina G.; Carugno, Andrea; Carrero, Juan J.; Carreras, Giulia; Carr, Sinclair; Cárdenas, Rosario; Capodici, Angelo; Cao, Yin; Cao, Chao; Campos-Nonato, Ismael R.; Campos, Luciana Aparecida; Camera, Luis Alberto; Calina, Daniela; Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano; Butt, Zahid A.; Butt, Nadeem Shafique; Bustanji, Yasser; Busse, Reinhard; Burns, Richard A.; Buonsenso, Danilo; Bulto, Lemma N.; Bulamu, Norma B.; Brugha, Traolach; Brown, Julie; Britton, Gabrielle; Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich; Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich; Brenner, Hermann; Breitner, Susanne; Breitborde, Nicholas J. K.; Brazo-Sayavera, Javier; Brazinova, Alexandra; Brauer, Michael; Brant, Luisa C.; Braithwaite, Dejana; Brady, Oliver J.; Boyko, Edward J.; Boxe, Christopher; Boustany, Antoine; Bouaoud, Souad; Borzutzky, Arturo; Borhany, Hamed; Bora Basara, Berrak; Bora, Kaustubh; Bonny, Aime; Bonakdar Hashemi, Milad; Boloor, Archith; Bolarinwa, Obasanjo Afolabi; Bohlouli, Somayeh; Bogale, Kassawmar Angaw; Bogale, Eyob Ketema; Salem, Mohammed Z. Y.; Bodolica, Virginia; Bobirca, Anca Vasilica; Boampong, Mary Sefa; Boachie, Micheal Kofi; Bjørge, Tone; Bitra, Veera R.; Bitew, Bikes Destaw; Bitaraf, Saeid; Biswas, Bijit; Biswas, Atanu; Bisulli, Francesca; Bisignano, Catherine; Bishai, Jessica Devin; Bikbov, Boris; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Bhatti, Rajbir; Bhatti, Manpreet S.; Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh; Bhatti, Gurjit Kaur; Bhat, Vivek; Bhaskar, Sonu; Bhargava, Ashish; Bhardwaj, Prarthna V.; Bhardwaj, Pankaj; Bhardwaj, Nikha; Bhangdia, Kayleigh; Bhandari, Dinesh; Bhalla, Ashish; Bhala, Neeraj; Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth; Bhagat, Devidas S.; Beyene, Kebede A.; Bettencourt, Paulo J. G.; Bertolacci, Gregory J.; Bernstein, Robert S.; Berice, Betyna N.; Berhie, Alemshet Yirga; Berezvai, Zombor; Beran, Azizullah; Bensenor, Isabela M.; Bender, Rose Grace; Beloukas, Apostolos; Belo, Luis; Bello, Olorunjuwon Omolaja; Bello, Muhammad Bashir; Bell, Michelle L.; Belete, Chalie Mulu; Belay, Sefealem Assefa; Béjot, Yannick; Bejarano Ramirez, Diana Fernanda; Beiranvand, Maryam; Behzadifar, Masoud; Behnoush, Amir Hossein; Behera, Priyamadhaba; Behboudi, Emad; Beghi, Massimiliano; Bedi, Neeraj; Beaney, Thomas; Bayileyegn, Nebiyou Simegnew; Bayati, Mohsen; Baune, Bernhard T.; Batra, Kavita; Basu, Sanjay; Basting, Ann V. L.; Basso, João Diogo; Bassat, Quique; Basnyat, Buddha; Baskaran, Pritish; Basiru, Afisu; Bashiri, Azadeh; Basharat, Zarrin; Barua, Lingkan; Barteit, Sandra; Barrow, Amadou; Barrero, Lope H.; Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat; Barone-Adesi, Francesco; Barnighausen, Till Winfried; Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn; Bardideh, Erfan; Bardhan, Mainak; Barchitta, Martina; Barbic, Franca; Bansal, Kannu; Bansal, Hansi; Banik, Palash Chandra; Bandyopadhyay, Soham; Banach, Maciej; Bam, Kiran; Baltatu, Ovidiu Constantin; Balasubramanian, Madhan; Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar; Bakshi, Ravleen Kaur; Bako, Abdulaziz T.; Baker, Jennifer L.; Baig, Atif Amin; Bai, Ruhai; Bahmanziari, Najmeh; Bahadorikhalili, Saeed; Bah, Sulaiman; Bagherieh, Sara; Bagheri, Nasser; Baghdadi, Soroush; Badiye, Ashish D.; Badar, Muhammad; Babu, Abraham Samuel; Darshan, B.B.; Azzam, Ahmed Y.; Azevedo, Rui M. S.; Azadnajafabad, Sina; Ayyoubzadeh, Seyed Mohammad; Ayuso-Mateos, Jose L.; Ayatollahi, Haleh; Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina; Aweke, Amlaku Mulat; Awedew, Atalel Fentahun; Avan, Abolfazl; Ausloos, Marcel; Aujayeb, Avinash; Atreya, Alok; Atout, Maha Moh'd Wahbi; Atorkey, Prince; Atlaw, Habtamu Wondmagegn; Atinafu, Bantalem Tilaye Tilaye; Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin; Athar, Mohammad; Astell-Burt, Thomas; Aslani, Armin; Ashraf, Muhammad; Asghari-Jafarabadi, Mohammad; Asghariahmadabad, Mona; Asgedom, Akeza Awealom; Asadi-Lari, Mohsen; Asaad, Malke; Arumugam, Ashokan; Aruleba, Raphael Taiwo; Arulappan, Judie; Artamonov, Anton A.; Arooj, Mahwish; Arnlov, Johan; Arndt, Michael Benjamin; Armocida, Benedetta; Arkew, Mesay; Ariffin, Hany; Aremu, Olatunde; Aremu, Abdulfatai; Areda, Demelash; Aravkin, Aleksandr Y.; Arafat, Mosab; Arabloo, Jalal; Arab, Juan Pablo; Aqeel, Muhammad; Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward; Anwer, Razique; Anwar, Sumadi Lukman; Anwar, Saleha; Anvari, Saeid; Anvari, Davood; Antriyandarti, Ernoiz; Antony, Catherine M.; Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza; Ansariadi, Ansariadi; Ansari, Hossein; Anoushiravani, Amir; Anil, Sneha; Anil, Abhishek; Angus, Colin; Andrei, Tudorel; Andrei, Catalina Liliana; Andrade, Pedro Prata; Anderson, David B.; Anderlini, Deanna; Ancuceanu, Robert; Amusa, Ganiyu Adeniyi; Amugsi, Dickson A.; Amu, Hubert; Amirzade-Iranaq, Mohammad Hosein; Amiri, Sohrab; Amindarolzarbi, Alireza; Amin, Tarek Tawfik; Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena; Amegbor, Prince M.; Amare, Azmeraw T.; Amani, Reza; Alzoubi, Karem H.; Aly, Safwat; Aly, Hany; Al-Worafi, Yaser Mohammed; Alwafi, Hassan; Alvis-Guzman, Nelson; Aluh, Deborah Oyine; Altirkawi, Khalid A.; Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A.; Altaf, Awais; Altaany, Zaid; Al-Sabah, Salman Khalifah; Alqutaibi, Ahmed Yaseen; Alqalyoobi, Shehabaldin; Alqahtani, Jaber S.; Alonso, Jordi; Al-Omari, Basem; Alomari, Mahmoud A.; Almidani, Omar; Almidani, Louay; Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M.; Almazan, Joseph Uy; Al-Maweri, Sadeq Ali Ali; Al-Marwani, Sabah; Allebeck, Peter; Alla, Francois; Aljunid, Syed Mohamed; Aljasir, Mohammad A. M.; Aliyi, Ahmednur Adem; Alimohamadi, Yousef; Alikhani, Reyhaneh; Alif, Sheikh Mohammad; Alicandro, Gianfranco; Ali, Syed Shujait Shujait; Ali, Shahid; Ali, Rafat; Ali, Mohammed Usman; Ali, Liaqat; Ali, Amjad; Ali, Abid; Al-Hanawi, Mohammed Khaled; Alhalaiqa, Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji; Alhabib, Khalid F.; Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed; Alemu, Yihun Mulugeta; Alemi, Sharifullah; Alemayohu, Mulubirhan Assefa; Alema, Haileselasie Berhane; Aldridge, Robert W.; Aldhaleei, Wafa A.; Aldawsari, Khalifah A.; Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth; AlBataineh, Mohammad T.; Albashtawy, Mohammed; Albakri, Almaza; Al-Azzam, Sayer; Alanzi, Turki M.; Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour; Al-Amer, Rasmieh Mustafa; Alam, Noore; Alam, Manjurul; Alam, Khurshid; Al-Aly, Ziyad; Alalwan, Tariq A.; Alalalmeh, Samer O.; Alahdab, Fares; Al Hasan, Syed Mahfuz; Al Hamad, Hanadi; Akyirem, Samuel; Akkaif, Mohammed Ahmed; Akinyemiju, Tomi; Akinosoglou, Karolina; Akbarialiabad, Hossein; Akara, Essona Matatom; Aji, Budi; Ajami, Marjan; Ahmed, Syed Anees; Ahmed, Muktar Beshir; Ahmed, Meqdad Saleh; Ahmed, Mehrunnisha Sharif; Ahmed, Luai A.; Ahmed, Haroon; Ahmed, Ayman; Ahmed, Ali; Ahmadzade, Amir Mahmoud; Ahmadi, Keivan; Ahmad, Tauseef; Ahmad, Shahzaib; Ahmad, Sajjad; Ahmad, Muayyad M; Ahmad, Firdos; Ahmad, Danish; Ahmad, Aqeel; Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku; Agyemang-Duah, Williams; Agrawal, Anurag; Agodi, Antonella; Agide, Feleke Doyore; Aghamiri, Shahin; Aggarwal, Manik; Agasthi, Pradyumna; Agampodi, Suneth Buddhika; Afzal, Saira; Afzal, Muhammad Sohail; Afolabi, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika; Adra, Saryia; Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah; Admass, Biruk Adie; Adeyomoye, Olorunsola Israel; Adeyinka, Daniel Adedayo; Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther; Adetunji, Juliana Bunmi; Adetunji, Charles Oluwaseun; Adepoju, Abiola Victor; Adekanmbi, Victor; Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi; Addolorato, Giovanni; Addo, Isaac Yeboah; Adamu, Abdu A.; Adal, Tadele Girum; Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou; Abu-Zaid, Ahmed; Aburuz, Salahdein; Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen Me; Abu-Gharbieh, Eman; Abubakar, Bilyaminu; Abualruz, Hasan; Abu Rumeileh, Samir; Abtahi, Dariush; Abrha, Woldu Aberhe; Abreu, Lucas Guimaraes; Aboye, Girma Beressa; Abouzid, Mohamed; Abolmaali, Meysam; Abolhassani, Hassan; Aboagye, Richard Gyan; Abiodun, Olumide; Abidi, Hassan; Abhilash, E.S.; Abegaz, Kedir Hussein; Abedi, Aidin; Abebe, Samrawit Shawel; Abebe, Mesfin; Abdullahi, Auwal; Abdulah, Deldar Morad; Abdoun, Meriem; Abdollahifar, Mohammad-Amin; Abdollahi, Mohammad; Abdelwahab, Ahmed; Abd-Elsalam, Sherief; Abdelmasseh, Michael; Abd ElHafeez, Samar; Abbastabar, Hedayat; Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen; Abbasian, Mohammadreza; Abbasgholizadeh, Rouzbeh; Abbafati, Cristiana; Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis; Ababneh, Hazim S.; Aali, Amirali; Ong, Kanyin Liane; Naghavi, Mohsen; Yon, Dong Keon; Yiǧit, Vahit; Yang, Lin; Salem, Marwa Rashad
Description:
Background: Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. Methods: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model—a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates—with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality—which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. Findings: The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2–100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1–290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1–211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4–48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3–37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7–9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. Interpretation: Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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