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The main objective of this study was to determine the amounts and types of pesticides used in apple orchards, as apples are one of the most important products of Turkey and to analyze the amount of economic losses on farm-level and costs of pesticides use in comparison with application levels used by growers and suggested in apple production by extension units and pesticide prospectus. Furthermore, the use of agricultural chemicals and practices by the growers were also determined. Production data for 2011 was collected from 114 apple producers who used pesticides. The average area of apple production was 1.43 ha with 24,274.30 kg ha(-1). The average cost of apple production was a,not sign 3,736.19 ha(-1). The average usages per hectare of active ingredient of insecticides, fungicides and acaricides were determined to be 13,701.60 g, 11,394.60 g and 2,152.20 g, respectively. Average plant protection costs were a,not sign 1,574.42 ha(-1), which made up 42.14 % of the apple production costs. In the study area, the excessive use of agricultural chemicals was determined in the apple production. It was calculated that economic loss was a,not sign 549.71 per hectare due to overdose of agricultural chemicals. The percentages of this loss were 86.00, 0.52 and 13.47 %, due to pesticides, copper sulfate and winter and mineral oils respectively. It was calculated that the economic loss was a,not sign 472.73 per hectare due to overdose of pesticides. The percentages of this loss were 63.63, 26.70 and 9.67 % due to insecticides, fungicides and acaricides respectively. |
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