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<p id="sp0055" style="margin-bottom: 16px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(31, 31, 31); font-family: ElsevierGulliver, Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Arial Unicode MS", serif; font-size: 16px;">In our study, we aimed to investigate the negative effects of the prefrontal cortex (PFC)-associated impairment of <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/cholinergic-activity" title="Learn more about cholinergic activity from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages" class="topic-link" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-thickness: 1px; text-decoration-color: rgb(31, 31, 31); color: rgb(31, 31, 31); text-underline-offset: 1px;">cholinergic activity</a><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> on memory and learning caused by high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) and the protective role of <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/vitamin-d" title="Learn more about vitamin D from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages" class="topic-link" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-thickness: 1px; text-decoration-color: rgb(31, 31, 31); color: rgb(31, 31, 31); text-underline-offset: 1px;">vitamin D</a> in adolescent rats.</span></p><p id="sp0060" style="margin-bottom: 16px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(31, 31, 31); font-family: ElsevierGulliver, Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Arial Unicode MS", serif; font-size: 16px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Twenty-four animals were divided into three groups as control, HFCS group (11 % HFCS-55 solution, ad libitum) and HFCS+ Vit D (42 μg/kg/day). <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/elevated-plus-maze" title="Learn more about Elevated Plus Maze from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages" class="topic-link" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-thickness: 1px; text-decoration-color: rgb(31, 31, 31); color: rgb(31, 31, 31); text-underline-offset: 1px;">Elevated Plus Maze</a> (EPM), Forced Swim Test (FST), and Morris </span><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/water-maze" title="Learn more about Water Maze from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages" class="topic-link" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-thickness: 1px; text-decoration-color: rgb(31, 31, 31); color: rgb(31, 31, 31); text-underline-offset: 1px;">Water Maze</a> (MWM, performed from day 23) tests were applied to all animals. Fluid intake consumption of the rats was measured daily, weight gain and blood glucose were measured weekly. After 31 days of treatment, the rats were sacrificed and PFC tissue was removed for biochemical, histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses.</p><p id="sp0065" style="margin-bottom: 16px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(31, 31, 31); font-family: ElsevierGulliver, Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Arial Unicode MS", serif; font-size: 16px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">In HFCS group, fluid consumption, blood glucose, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, degenerative neuron count and <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/choline-acetyltransferase" title="Learn more about choline acetyltransferase from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages" class="topic-link" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-thickness: 1px; text-decoration-color: rgb(31, 31, 31); color: rgb(31, 31, 31); text-underline-offset: 1px;">choline acetyltransferase</a><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> (ChAT) expression were significantly increased; <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/superoxide-dismutase" title="Learn more about superoxide dismutase from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages" class="topic-link" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-thickness: 1px; text-decoration-color: rgb(31, 31, 31); color: rgb(31, 31, 31); text-underline-offset: 1px;">superoxide dismutase</a> (SOD), </span></span><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/catalase" title="Learn more about catalase from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages" class="topic-link" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-thickness: 1px; text-decoration-color: rgb(31, 31, 31); color: rgb(31, 31, 31); text-underline-offset: 1px;">catalase</a><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> (CAT) <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/enzyme-activity" title="Learn more about enzyme activity from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages" class="topic-link" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-thickness: 1px; text-decoration-color: rgb(31, 31, 31); color: rgb(31, 31, 31); text-underline-offset: 1px;">enzyme activity</a> and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression were significantly decreased. In addition, the time spent in the enclosed arm in EPM was increased, the immobility time in FST was, and the time spent in the target quadrant in MWM was significantly decreased. Vitamin D treatment reversed all these parameters. In conclusion, HFCS caused an increase in the number of degenerative neurons in the PFC, disrupted cholinergic activity and negatively affected learning-memory functions. Vitamin D, decreased the number of degenerative neurons, increased cholinergic activity and positively affected learning and memory performance.</span></p> |
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