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The burden of metabolic risk factors in North Africa and the Middle East, 1990–2019: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study

The burden of metabolic risk factors in North Africa and the Middle East, 1990–2019: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study

Samy, Abdallah M; Malekpour, Mohammad-Reza; Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen; Ghamari, Seyyed-Hadi; Khanali, Javad; Heidari-Foroozan, Mahsa; Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi; Azangou-Khyavy, Mohammadreza; Rezazadeh-Khadem, Sahba; Rezaei, Negar; Shobeiri, Parnian; Esfahani, Zahra; Rezaei, Nazila; Mokdad, Ali H; Naghavi, Mohsen; Larijani, Bagher; Farzadfar, Farshad; Malekpour, Mohammad-Reza; Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen; Ghamari, Seyyed-Hadi; Khanali, Javad; Heidari-Foroozan, Mahsa; Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi; Azangou-Khyavy, Mohammadreza; Rezazadeh-Khadem, Sahba; Rezaei, Negar; Shobeiri, Parnian; Esfahani, Zahra; Rezaei, Nazila; Aali, Amirali; Abd-Elsalam, Sherief; Abdoun, Meriem; Yigit, Arzu; Yiğit, Vahit; Absalan, Abdorrahim; Abu-Gharbieh, Eman; Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen Me; Abu-Zaid, Ahmed; Ahmadi, Ali; Ahmadi, Sepideh; Ahmed, Ayman; Rashid, Tarik Ahmed; Ajami, Marjan; Akbarzadeh-Khiavi, Mostafa; Al Hamad, Hanadi; Alalwan, Tariq A; Alhabib, Khalid F; Alimohamadi, Yousef; Alipour, Vahid; Aljunid, Syed Mohamed; Alomari, Mahmoud A; Alqahatni, Saleh A; Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M; Aminian Dehkordi, Javad Javad; Amir-Behghadami, Mehrdad; Amiri, Sohrab; Anvari, Davood; Arabloo, Jalal; Arulappan, Judie; Arumugam, Ashokan; Aryan, Zahra; Athar, Mohammad; Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin; Avan, Abolfazl; Azadnajafabad, Sina; Azari, Samad; Azizi, Hosein; Baghcheghi, Nayereh; Bagheri, Nader; Bagherieh, Sara; Baltatu, Ovidiu Constantin; Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth; Bhojaraja, Vijayalakshmi S; Bouaoud, Souad; Butt, Muhammad Hammad; Campos, Luciana Aparecida; Chitheer, Abdulaal; Cheshmeh Soltani, Reza Darvishi; Darwesh, Aso Mohammad; Djalalinia, Shirin; Dodangeh, Milad; El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa; Elbarazi, Iffat; Elhadi, Muhammed; El-Huneidi, Waseem; Ezzeddini, Rana; Fareed, Mohammad; Farrokhpour, Hossein; Fatehizadeh, Ali; Galali, Yaseen; Ghaderi, Amir; Larijani, Bagher; Naghavi, Mohsen; Mokdad, Ali H; Zareshahrabadi, Zahra; Zare, Iman; Zangiabadian, Moein; Khader, Yousef Saleh; Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif; Khan, Moien Ab; Khan, Kashif Ullah; Khan, Yusra H; Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad; Kompani, Farzad; Koohestani, Hamid Reza; Kuddus, Mohammed; Lasrado, Savita; Lee, Sang-Woong; Mahjoub, Soleiman; Mahmoodpoor, Ata; Mahmoudi, Elham; Rad, Elaheh Malakan; Zamanian, Maryam; Malih, Narges; Malik, Ahmad Azam; Zaman, Burhan Abdullah; Mallhi, Tauqeer Hussain; Manla, Yosef; Zahir, Mazyar; Yazdanpanah, Fereshteh; Mansouri, Borhan; Mansournia, Mohammad Ali; Mardi, Parham; Marjani, Abdoljalal; Masoudi, Sahar; Nasab, Entezar Mehrabi; Menezes, Ritesh G; Mevsim, Vildan; Mohammad, Yousef; Mohammadi, Mokhtar; Vo, Bay; Mohammadi, Esmaeil; Vaziri, Siavash; Vakilian, Alireza; Tigabu, Bereket M; Mohammadifard, Noushin; Mohammed, Arif; Momtazmanesh, Sara; Montazeri, Fateme; Moradi, Maryam; Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar; Temsah, Mohamad-Hani; Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash; Taherkhani, Amir; Soodejani, Moslem Taheri; Abkenar, Yasaman Taheri; Taheri, Majid; Tabish, Mohammad; Tabatabaeizadeh, Seyed-Amir; Tabaeian, Seidamir Pasha; Soltani-Zangbar, Mohammad Sadegh; Siabani, Soraya; Shorofi, Seyed Afshin; Varniab, Zahra Shokri; Shetty, Jeevan K; Sharifi-Rad, Javad; Sharafi, Kiomars; Morovatdar, Negar; Murray, Christopher Jl; Natto, Zuhair S; Nejadghaderi, Seyed Aria; Shanawaz, Mohd; Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran; Shahraki-Sanavi, Fariba; Shahbandi, Ataollah; Shah, Jaffer; Shah, Syed Mahboob; Shafeghat, Melika; Sathian, Brijesh; Sarrafzadegan, Nizal; Salimzadeh, Hamideh; Salem, Marwa Rashad; Farrokhi, Amir Salek; Salahi, Sarvenaz; Salahi, Saina; Saki, Morteza; Sahebkar, Amirhossein; Sadeghian, Saeid; Nowroozi, Ali; Oladnabi, Morteza; Sadeghi, Erfan; Bali, Ahmed Omar; Omer, Emad; Toroudi, Hamidreza Pazoki; Saddik, Basema; Sabzmakan, Leila; Sabour, Siamak; Saber-Ayad, Maha Mohamed; Saad, Aly; Roshandel, Gholamreza; Riahi, Seyed Mohammad; Rezaei, Maryam; Rezaee, Malihe; Mohamed Redwan, Elrashdy Moustafa; Rawassizadeh, Reza; Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi; Rashedi, Sina; Rao, Chythra R; Rahmanian, Vahid; Rahmani, Amir Masoud; Rahmani, Shayan; Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa; Rahimi, Mehran; Pezzani, Raffaele; Langroudi, Ashkan Pourabhari; Rafiei, Sima; Ghafourifard, Mansour; Nour, Mohammad Ghasemi; Ghashghaee, Ahmad; Gholamalizadeh, Maryam; Goleij, Pouya; Golitaleb, Mohamad; Habibzadeh, Parham; Hafezi-Nejad, Nima; Halwani, Rabih; Hasani, Hamidreza; Hashemian, Maryam; Hassan, Amr; Hassanipour, Soheil; Hassankhani, Hadi; Hezam, Kamal; Homayounfar, Reza; Hosseini, Seyed Kianoosh; Hosseini, Kaveh; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Hoveidamanesh, Soodabeh; Jaafari, Jalil; Jahrami, Haitham; Jamshidi, Elham; Javaheri, Tahereh; Jayapal, Sathish Kumar; Kabir, Ali; Karimi, Amirali; Kaydi, Neda; Keykhaei, Mohammad; Farzadfar, Farshad
URI: http://acikerisim.sdu.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/123456789/100888

Description:

Background: The objective of this study is to investigate the trends of exposure and burden attributable to the four main metabolic risk factors, including high systolic blood pressure (SBP), high fasting plasma glucose (FPG), high body-mass index (BMI), and high low-density lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL) in North Africa and the Middle East from 1990 to 2019. Methods: The data were retrieved from Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Summary exposure value (SEV) was used for risk factor exposure. Burden attributable to each risk factor was incorporated in the population attributable fraction to estimate the total attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Findings: While age-standardized death rate (ASDR) attributable to high-LDL and high-SBP decreased by 26.5% (18.6–35.2) and 23.4% (15.9–31.5) over 1990–2019, respectively, high-BMI with 5.1% (−9.0–25.9) and high-FPG with 21.4% (7.0–37.4) change, grew in ASDR. Moreover, age-standardized DALY rate attributed to high-LDL and high-SBP declined by 30.2% (20.9–39.0) and 25.2% (16.8–33.9), respectively. The attributable age-standardized DALY rate of high-BMI with 8.3% (−6.5–28.8) and high-FPG with 27.0% (14.3–40.8) increase, had a growing trend. Age-standardized SEVs of high-FPG, high-BMI, high-SBP, and high-LDL increased by 92.4% (82.8–103.3), 76.0% (58.9–99.3), 10.4% (3.8–18.0), and 5.5% (4.3–7.1), respectively. Interpretation: The burden attributed to high-SBP and high-LDL decreased during the 1990–2019 period in the region, while the attributable burden of high-FPG and high-BMI increased. Alarmingly, exposure to all four risk factors increased in the past three decades. There has been significant heterogeneity among the countries in the region regarding the trends of exposure and attributable burden. Urgent action is required at the individual, community, and national levels in terms of introducing effective strategies for prevention and treatment that account for local and socioeconomic factors. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

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