Description:
<h4 class="header" id="abstract" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 20px; font-family: "IBM Plex Sans", sans-serif; border-top-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(227, 227, 227); padding-top: 0px; margin-top: 34px; margin-bottom: -3px; text-align: justify;">Abstract</h4><p style="font-size: 16px; word-break: break-word; margin-top: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 20px; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; text-align: justify;"><i>Purpose</i>. This study compared the development of face-to-face (F2F) psychomotor skills vs. a modified online dental anatomy course during the COVID-19 pandemic. <i>Methods</i>. The 9-HPT is regularly applied for the students’ psychomotor skill assessment in the Faculty of Dentistry of Süleyman Demirel University. In the 2020-21 academic year, 92.2% of students who took the dental anatomy course in distance education voluntarily participated in this study (observation group). These data were compared with 34.6% of students who applied for 9-HPT in 2019-2020 in F2F education (control group). The Mann–Whitney <svg height="8.8423pt" id="M1" style="vertical-align:-0.2064009pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 9.58606 8.8423" width="9.58606pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M715 650H476L470 622C550 619 562 610 562 570C562 536 553 481 535 384L523 321C485 121 408 37 283 37C178 37 99 109 134 297L178 532C193 612 199 616 278 622L284 650H29L23 622C105 616 109 609 94 532L48 291C23 160 51 83 98 40C143 -1 202 -16 260 -16C321 -16 387 3 439 49C509 111 542 204 563 312L577 384C595 479 608 533 619 569C629 603 637 620 709 622L715 650Z" id="g113-86"></path></g></svg> test and <span class="nowrap"><svg height="8.02022pt" id="M2" style="vertical-align:-0.2063999pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -7.81382 4.54925 8.02022" width="4.54925pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M324 430H196L233 583L223 592L145 529L120 430H54L29 396L31 388H111L56 126C33 15 54 -12 77 -12C137 -12 214 57 250 95L233 119C208 92 155 59 138 59C126 59 120 70 131 125L186 390L298 394L324 430Z" id="g113-117"></path></g></svg>-</span>test were used for comparison. The significance level was taken as <span class="inline_break" style="word-spacing: -5px; letter-spacing: 0px;"><svg height="11.7782pt" id="M3" style="vertical-align:-3.42938pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 18.973 11.7782" width="18.973pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M570 304C570 398 525 448 414 448C385 448 343 445 312 434L329 511L321 518C297 504 262 482 244 460L233 411C195 397 159 381 128 358L135 332C160 347 189 360 224 373L111 -147C97 -210 84 -218 17 -231L13 -257L254 -247L259 -218L233 -216C183 -212 177 -202 189 -142L218 -1C238 -10 266 -12 283 -12C351 3 429 48 483 105C543 168 570 242 570 304ZM482 289C482 161 380 33 304 33C278 33 248 51 233 69L303 396C326 400 352 403 369 403C428 403 482 380 482 289Z" id="g113-113"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.342,0)"><path d="M512 -3V55L134 254V256L512 456V514L75 281V230L512 -3Z" id="g117-91"></path></g></svg><span class="irelop" style="padding-right: 5px;"></span><span class="nowrap"><svg height="11.7782pt" style="vertical-align:-3.42938pt" version="1.1" viewBox="22.555183800000002 -8.34882 21.921 11.7782" width="21.921pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.605,0)"><path d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z" id="g113-49"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.845,0)"><path d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z" id="g113-47"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.809,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.049,0)"><path d="M153 550H386L412 615L406 623H120L82 318C104 327 142 338 184 338C294 338 347 275 347 187C347 112 305 39 221 39C160 39 119 71 97 89C88 97 80 96 71 90C59 80 50 67 49 57C48 45 52 36 66 23C80 9 123 -12 169 -12C221 -11 288 15 342 59C403 109 431 165 431 225C431 308 366 395 238 395C212 395 165 379 127 364L153 550Z" id="g113-54"></path></g></svg>.</span></span> <i>Results</i>. Based on the dominant hand 9-HPT score, a positive change occurred in 81.8% of the F2F and 61.6% of the online education students. Based on both dominant and nondominant hand 9-HPT scores, a statistically significant difference between the change in scores according to the fall/spring term measurements was observed in both F2F and distance education (<span class="inline_break" style="word-spacing: -5px; letter-spacing: 0px;"><svg height="11.7782pt" id="M4" style="vertical-align:-3.42938pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 18.973 11.7782" width="18.973pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-113"></use></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.342,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-91"></use></g></svg><span class="irelop" style="padding-right: 5px;"></span><span class="nowrap"><svg height="11.7782pt" style="vertical-align:-3.42938pt" version="1.1" viewBox="22.555183800000002 -8.34882 28.184 11.7782" width="28.184pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.605,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.845,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.809,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.049,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.289,0)"><path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z" id="g113-50"></path></g></svg>).</span></span> However, the F2F-educated group students showed better psychomotor skill development than those exposed to the online-educated group in 9-HPT. The results showed statistical significance for both dominant and nondominant hands (<span class="inline_break" style="word-spacing: -5px; letter-spacing: 0px;"><svg height="11.7782pt" id="M5" style="vertical-align:-3.42938pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 18.973 11.7782" width="18.973pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-113"></use></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.342,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-91"></use></g></svg><span class="irelop" style="padding-right: 5px;"></span><span class="nowrap"><svg height="11.7782pt" style="vertical-align:-3.42938pt" version="1.1" viewBox="22.555183800000002 -8.34882 28.184 11.7782" width="28.184pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.605,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.845,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"></use></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.809,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.049,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"></use></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.289,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"></use></g></svg>).</span></span> <i>Conclusion</i>. The F2F education is the gold standard in psychomotor skill training; however, in cases where this approach cannot be realized, practical training protocols modified for online training may contribute to the motor development of students.</p>