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Global, regional, and national progress towards the 2030 global nutrition targets and forecasts to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Global, regional, and national progress towards the 2030 global nutrition targets and forecasts to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Sanabria, Juan; Tariqujjaman, Md; Tariku, Zerihun; Tarigan, Ingan Ukur; Tan, Ker-Kan; Tamuzi, Jacques Lukenze JL; Taheri Soodejani, Moslem; Tabatabai, Shima; Tabatabaeizadeh, Seyed-Amir; Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael; Szeto, Mindy D; Sunuwar, Dev Ram; Sun, Jing; Suleman, Muhammad; Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale; Stanaway, Jeffrey D; Sorensen, Reed J D; Song, Yi; Solomon, Yonatan; Smith, Amanda E; Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna; Singh, Surjit; Singh, Paramdeep; Singh, Narinder Pal; Singh, Jasvinder A; Silva, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues; Sibhat, Migbar Mekonnen; Shuval, Kerem; Shorofi, Seyed Afshin; Shivarov, Velizar; Shiri, Rahman; Shetty, Pavanchand H; Sharew, Mequannent Melaku; Shanawaz, Mohd; Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran; Shama, Adisu Tafari T; Shaikh, Masood Ali; Shahbandi, Ataollah; Shah, Pritik A; Shafie, Mahan; Seylani, Allen; Serban, Dragos; Sepanlou, Sadaf G; Senthilkumaran, Subramanian; Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth; Schneider, Rachel D; Schlaich, Markus P; Scarmeas, Nikolaos; Sayeed, Abu; Saya, Ganesh Kumar; Sawhney, Monika; Satpathy, Maheswar; Sarikhani, Yaser; Sargazi, Saman; Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer; Santric-Milicevic, Milena M; Santos, Itamar S; Sankararaman, Senthilkumar; Sanjeev, Rama Krishna; Samy, Abdallah M; Salem, Marwa Rashad; Sajid, Mirza Rizwan; Sahoo, Soumya Swaroop; Sahoo, Harihar; Sahebkar, Amirhossein; Saheb Sharif-Askari, Fatemeh; Safi, Sher Zaman; Saeedi Moghaddam, Sahar; Saeed, Umar; Sadeghian, Saeid; Sadeghi, Malihe; Sadeghi, Erfan; Saddik, Basema Ahmad; Sachdeva Dhingra, Mamta; Sabour, Siamak; Saber-Ayad, Maha Mohamed; Saad, Aly M A; S N, Chandan; Rwegerera, Godfrey M; Roy, Bedanta; Rohloff, Peter; Roever, Leonardo; Rodriguez, Jefferson Antonio Buendia; Rodriguez, Alina; Rickard, Jennifer; Riad, Abanoub; Rezaeian, Mohsen; Rezaei, Nazila; Rezaee, Malihe; Renzaho, Andre M N; Rengasamy, Kannan RR; Remuzzi, Giuseppe; Redwan, Elrashdy M Moustafa Mohamed; Rawal, Lal; Rawaf, Salman; Ratan, Zubair Ahmed; Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi; Rashid, Ahmed Mustafa; Rasali, Drona Prakash; Rao, Sowmya J; Rao, Indu Ramachandra; Rao, Chythra R; Ramazanu, Sheena; Ramasamy, Shakthi Kumaran; Ram, Pradhum; Rajput, Prashant; Rajaa, Sathish; Raimondo, Ivano; Rai, Rajesh Kumar; Rahmawaty, Setyaningrum; Rahmanian, Vahid; Rahmani, Amir Masoud; Rahman, Muhammad Aziz; Rahman, Mosiur; Rahman, Md Obaidur; Rahman, Md Mosfequr; Rahman, Azizur; Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa; Rahim, Fakher; Raghav, Pankaja; Raggi, Catalina; Radhakrishnan, Venkatraman; Radfar, Amir; Pourtaheri, Naeimeh; Plakkal, Nishad; Piracha, Zahra Zahid; Petermann-Rocha, Fanny Emily; Petcu, Ionela-Roxana; Perna, Simone; Perico, Norberto; Pereira, Marcos; Pereira, Gavin; Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino; Pawar, Shrikant; Paudel, Deepak; Pathan, Aslam Ramjan; Patel, Jay; Pasovic, Maja; Pardhan, Shahina; Papadopoulou, Paraskevi; Pandi-Perumal, Seithikurippu R; Pandey, Anamika; Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra; Pana, Adrian; Padubidri, Jagadish Rao; Padron-Monedero, Alicia; Oumer, Abdu; Otoiu, Adrian; Ostojic, Sergej M; Ortiz, Alberto; Ortega-Altamirano, Doris V; Ong, Sok King; Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun; Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola; Oliveira, Gláucia Maria Moraes; Olana, Diriba Dereje; Olagunju, Andrew T; Okonji, Osaretin Christabel; Okello, Daniel Micheal; Okekunle, Akinkunmi Paul; Okati-Aliabad, Hassan; Ogunsakin, Ropo Ebenezer; Oghenetega, Onome Bright; Obamiro, Kehinde O; Oancea, Bogdan; Nwatah, Vincent Ebuka; Nurrika, Dieta; Nri-Ezedi, Chisom Adaobi; Noubiap, Jean Jacques; Noor, Nurulamin M; Nnaji, Chukwudi A; Niazi, Robina Khan; Nguyen, QuynhAnh P; Nguyen, Phuong The; Ngunjiri, Josephine W; Nguefack-Tsague, Georges; Nejadghaderi, Seyed Aria; Nayak, Biswa Prakash; Naveed, Muhammad; Natto, Zuhair S; Narasimha Swamy, Sreenivas; Nangia, Vinay; Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman; Mustafa, Ghulam; Murray, Christopher J L; Murillo-Zamora, Efren; Munblit, Daniel; Mulita, Francesk; Mueller, Ulrich Otto; Mubarik, Sumaira; Mougin, Vincent; Morrison, Shane Douglas; Moradi, Yousef; Moradi, Maryam; Moni, Mohammad Ali; Monasta, Lorenzo; Mokdad, Ali H; Mohseni, Mohammad; Mohammed, Shafiu; Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah; Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin; Mithra, Prasanna; Misra, Sanjeev; Mirza, Moonis; Mirrakhimov, Erkin M; Mirica, Andreea; Mirghafourvand, Mojgan; Mini, G.K.; Miller, Ted R; Miazgowski, Tomasz; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Meretoja, Tuomo J; Mentis, Alexios-Fotios A; Mensah, George A; Menezes, Ritesh G; Mendoza, Walter; Melaku, Yohannes Adama; Mehndiratta, Man Mohan; Mediratta, Rishi P; Mazaheri, Maryam; Maugeri, Andrea; Mathews, Elezebeth; Masrie, Awoke; Martorell, Miquel; Martini, Santi; Marjani, Abdoljalal; Manguerra, Helena; Malta, Deborah Carvalho; Mallhi, Tauqeer Hussain; Malik, Ahmad Azam; Malakan Rad, Elaheh; Makris, Konstantinos Christos; Mahajan, Preetam Bhalchandra; Madureira-Carvalho, Áurea M; Madadizadeh, Farzan; Lorkowski, Stefan; Lorenzovici, László; Loreche, Arianna Maever; Lodha, Rakesh; Lo, Justin; Lo, Chun-Han; Lindstedt, Paulina A; Lim, Stephen S; Ligade, Virendra S; Li, Wei; Li, Ming-Chieh; Lenzi, Jacopo; Lee, Yo Han; Lee, Wei-Chen; Lee, Sang-woong; Lee, Paul H; Ledda, Caterina; Latief, Kamaluddin; Larsson, Anders O; Lal, Dharmesh Kumar; Lacey, Ben; La Vecchia, Carlo; Kusuma, Dian; Kurmi, Om P; Kurmanova, Almagul; Kumar, Nithin; Kumar, Manasi; Kumar, G Anil; Kuddus, Mohammed; Kucuk Bicer, Burcu; Kuate Defo, Barthelemy; Krishnamoorthy, Vijay; Krishan, Kewal; Koyanagi, Ai; Koulmane Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi; Korzh, Oleksii; Koohestani, Hamid Reza; Kondlahalli, Shivakumar KM Marulasiddaiah; Kompani, Farzad; Kisa, Sezer; Kisa, Adnan; Kimokoti, Ruth W; Kim, Gyu Ri; Kifle, Zemene Demelash; Khubchandani, Jagdish; Khayat Kashani, Hamid Reza; Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli; Khateri, Sorour; Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad; Khatab, Khaled; Khanmohammadi, Shaghayegh; Khanali, Javad; Khan, Yusra H; Khan, Taimoor; Khan, Moien AB; Khan, M Nuruzzaman; Khammarnia, Mohammad; Khalid, Nauman; Khajuria, Himanshu; Khader, Yousef Saleh; Keykhaei, Mohammad; Kerr, Jessica A; Keflie, Tibebeselassie S; Kebira, Jemal Yusuf; Kebede, Worku Misganaw; Kayode, Gbenga A; Kaur, Harkiran; Kauppila, Joonas H; Katoto, Patrick DMC; Karaye, Ibraheem M; Kapoor, Neeti; Kandel, Himal; Kamble, Bhushan Dattatray; Kamal, Vineet Kumar; Kadashetti, Vidya; Kabir, Zubair; Kabir, Ali; Kaambwa, Billingsley; Jürisson, Mikk; Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy; Joshua, Charity Ehimwenma; Joseph, Nitin; Joseph, Abel; Jonas, Jost B; Jeswani, Bijay Mukesh; Jema, Alelign Tasew; Jebai, Rime; Jayaram, Shubha; Jayapal, Sathish Kumar; Jayanna, Krishnamurthy; Janodia, Manthan Dilipkumar; Jamshidi, Elham; Jakovljevic, Mihajlo; Jahrami, Haitham; Jacob, Louis; J, Linda Merin; Iwu, Chidozie Declan; Iwagami, Masao; Isola, Gaetano; Iso, Hiroyasu; Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah; Islami, Farhad; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful; Iravanpour, Farideh; Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja; Immurana, Mustapha; Ilic, Milena D; Ilic, Irena M; Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen; Iftikhar, Pulwasha Maria; Iacoviello, Licia; Hwang, Bing-Fang; Hussien, Foziya Mohammed; Hussain, Salman; Humphrey, Kyle Matthew; Huang, Junjie; Hoveidamanesh, Soodabeh; Hostiuc, Sorin; Hostiuc, Mihaela; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Hossain, Sheikh Jamal; Hoogar, Praveen; Holla, Ramesh; Hiraike, Yuta; Hezam, Kamal; Heyi, Demisu Zenbaba; Hessami, Kamran; Herteliu, Claudiu; Heidari-Foroozan, Mahsa; He, Jiawei; Hayat, Khezar; Hay, Simon I; Havmoeller, Rasmus J; Hassanipour, Soheil; Hashi, Abdiwahab; Hasani, Hamidreza; Hasan, Md Mehedi; Hasaballah, Ahmed I; Haro, Josep Maria; Hargono, Arief; Harapan, Harapan; Hankey, Graeme J; Hanif, Asif; Handal, Alexis J; Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin; Hagins, Hailey; Gupta, Vivek Kumar; Gupta, Veer Bala; Gupta, Sapna; Gupta, Rahul; Gupta, Bhawna; Gupta, Anish Kumar; Gunawardane, Damitha Asanga; Guha, Avirup; Gudayu, Temesgen Worku; Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen; Guadie, Habtamu Alganeh; Grivna, Michal; Goudarzi, Houman; Golinelli, Davide; Goleij, Pouya; Golechha, Mahaveer; Glasbey, James C; Gill, Tiffany K; Gill, Paramjit Singh; Ghozy, Sherief; Gholamrezanezhad, Ali; Gholami, Ali; Gholamalizadeh, Maryam; Ghith, Nermin; Ghassemi, Fariba; Ghasemi Nour, Mohammad; Ghamari, Seyyed-Hadi; Ghaffari, Kazem; Getawa, Solomon; Getachew, Motuma Erena; Getacher, Lemma; Gerema, Urge; Gebremeskel, Teferi Gebru; Garg, Priyanka; Gardner, William M; Galehdar, Nasrin; Galali, Yaseen; Gakidou, Emmanuela; Gaihre, Santosh; Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji; Gadanya, Muktar A; Fukumoto, Takeshi; Franklin, Richard Charles; Fowobaje, Kayode Raphael; Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin; Foigt, Nataliya A; Flood, David; Fitzgerald, Ryan; Fischer, Florian; Fetensa, Getahun; Ferrara, Pietro; Feng, Xiaoqi; Feizkhah, Alireza; Feigin, Valery L; Fatehizadeh, Ali; Fasanmi, Abidemi Omolara; Farmer, Sam; Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sá; Falzone, Luca; Fakhradiyev, Ildar Ravisovich; Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis; Etafa, Werku; Etaee, Farshid; Esubalew, Habtamu; Espinosa-Montero, Juan; Eshetu, Habitu Birhan; Elmeligy, Omar Abdelsadek Abdou; Elhadi, Muhammed; Elgendy, Islam Y; Elbarazi, Iffat; Ekundayo, Temitope Cyrus; Ekholuenetale, Michael; Edinur, Hisham Atan; Edalati, Sareh; Dsouza, Haneil Larson; Dongarwar, Deepa; Doaei, Saeid; Djalalinia, Shirin; Diress, Mengistie; Diaz, Daniel; Dias da Silva, Diana; Dhimal, Meghnath; Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda; Desta, Abebaw Alemayehu; Desai, Hardik Dineshbhai; Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar; Demissie, Solomon; Demeke, Dessalegn; Debele, Aklilu Tamire; De la Hoz, Fernando Pio; Davletov, Kairat; Das, Saswati; Das, Jai K; Darwish, Amira Hamed; Darwesh, Aso Mohammad; Darmstadt, Gary L; Darban, Isaac; Dandona, Rakhi; Dandona, Lalit; D'Amico, Emanuele; Dai, Xiaochen; Dadras, Omid; Dabo, Bashir; Cruz-Martins, Natalia; Cortese, Samuele; Columbus, Alyssa; Claro, Rafael M; Chung, Sheng-Chia; Chukwu, Isaac Sunday; Chu, Dinh-Toi; Chowdhury, Enayet Karim; Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan; Chitheer, Abdulaal; Chien, Ju-Huei; Chauhan, Kirti; Chattu, Vijay Kumar; Charan, Jaykaran; Chandrasekar, Eeshwar K; Chalek, Julian; Chadwick, Joshua; Cerin, Ester; Cembranel, Francieli; Cattaruzza, Maria Sofia; Catapano, Alberico L; Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A; Carvalho, Márcia; Cárdenas, Rosario; Cao, Chao; Campos, Luciana Aparecida; Cámera, Luis Alberto; Calina, Daniela; Butt, Zahid A; Butt, Muhammad Hammad; Braithwaite, Dejana; Bonakdar Hashemi, Milad; Bodolica, Virginia; Bitaraf, Saeid; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A; Bhattacharjee, Natalia V; Bhaskar, Sonu; Bhardwaj, Pankaj; Bhardwaj, Nikha; Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth; Beyene, Habtamu B; Bermudez, Amiel Nazer C; Beressa, Girma; Bensenor, Isabela M; Bennett, Derrick A; Belo, Luis; Bell, Shelly L; Belgaumi, Uzma Iqbal; Belay, Sefealem Assefa; Bekele, Alehegn; Basu, Saurav; Baskaran, Pritish; Bashiri, Azadeh; Barua, Lingkan; Barrow, Amadou; Barr, Ronald D; Bärnighausen, Till Winfried; Barchitta, Martina; Banik, Palash Chandra; Banach, Maciej; Baltatu, Ovidiu Constantin; Balasubramanian, Madhan; Baker, Jennifer L; Baig, Atif Amin; Bagherieh, Sara; Bagheri, Nasser; Baghcheghi, Nayereh; Badiye, Ashish D; B, Darshan B; Azevedo, Rui M S; Azadnajafabad, Sina; Awoke, Mamaru Ayenew; Aujayeb, Avinash; Atout, Maha Moh'd Wahbi; Atorkey, Prince; Atomsa, Gamechu Hunde; Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin; Astell-Burt, Thomas; Asghari-Jafarabadi, Mohammad; Asemu, Mulu Tiruneh; Asemi, Zatollah; Asaad, Malke; Aryastami, Ni Ketut; Arumugam, Ashokan; Armocida, Benedetta; Arkew, Mesay; Aripov, Timur; Ariffin, Hany; Aravkin, Aleksandr Y; Arabloo, Jalal; Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward; Anvari, Davood; Antriyandarti, Ernoiz; Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza; Angappan, Dhanalakshmi; Ancuceanu, Robert; Anagaw, Tadele Fentabel Fentabil; Amugsi, Dickson A; Amu, Hubert; Amiri, Sohrab; Amin, Tarek Tawfik; Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena; Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J; Alvis-Guzman, Nelson; Altirkawi, Khalid A; Al-Tammemi, Alaa B; Alomari, Mahmoud A; Almustanyir, Sami; Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M; Aljunid, Syed Mohamed; Alimohamadi, Yousef; Ali, Syed Shujait; Ali, Beriwan Abdulqadir; Alhassan, Robert Kaba; Alhabib, Khalid F; Al-Aly, Ziyad; Al Thaher, Yazan; Al Hamad, Hanadi; Akonde, Maxwell; Akbarialiabad, Hossein; Aji, Budi; Ajami, Marjan; Ahmed, Luai A A; Ahmed, Ali; Ahmadi, Ali; Ahmad, Tauseef; Ahmad, Sajjad; Ahmad, Aqeel; Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku; Agodi, Antonella; Afzal, Saira; Afrashteh, Fatemeh; Afolabi, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika; Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah; Adeyinka, Daniel Adedayo; Addo, Isaac Yeboah; Adane, Denberu Eshetie; Adamu, Kidist; Acuna, Juan Manuel; Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME; Abu-Gharbieh, Eman; Abtew, Yonas Derso; Abolhassani, Hassan; Aboagye, Richard Gyan; Abiodun, Olumide; Abidi, Hassan; Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi; Abdulah, Deldar Morad; Abd-Elsalam, Sherief; Abdelmasseh, Michael; Abd ElHafeez, Samar; Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen; Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis; Arndt, Michael Benjamin; YİĞİT, Vahit; Reiner, Robert C; Kassebaum, Nicholas J; Zou, Zhiyong; Zoladl, Mohammad; Zigler, Bethany; Zastrozhin, Michael; Zare, Iman; Zangiabadian, Moein; Zanghì, Aurora; Zaman, Sojib Bin; Zamagni, Giulia; Yuan, Chun-Wei; Yu, Chuanhua; Yon, Dong Keon; Yiğit, Arzu; Yehualashet, Sisay Shewasinad; Yazdanpanah, Fereshteh; Yaya, Sanni; Yano, Yuichiro; Yang, Lin; Yamagishi, Kazumasa; Yadav, Lalit; Xu, Xiaoyue; Xu, Suowen; Xu, Rongbin; Wulandari, Ratna Dwi; Wubetie, Gedif Ashebir; Wolde, Asrat Arja; Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana; Werdecker, Andrea; Wei, Melissa Y; Weerakoon, Kosala Gayan; Wassie, Molla Mesele; Wang, Fang; Wang, Cong; Waheed, Yasir; Vukovic, Rade; Vollset, Stein Emil; Vlassov, Vasily; Vervoort, Dominique; Veroux, Massimiliano; Verma, Madhur; Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy; Vasankari, Tommi Juhani; Varthya, Shoban Babu; Van den Eynde, Jef; Valizadeh, Rohollah; Valadan Tahbaz, Sahel; Vakilian, Alireza; Vahabi, Seyed Mohammad; Ushula, Tolassa Wakayo; Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran; Undurraga, Eduardo A; Ullah, Sana; Tran, Mai Thi Ngoc; Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto; Touvier, Mathilde; Topor-Madry, Roman; Tonelli, Marcello; Tiruye, Tenaw Yimer; Tillawi, Tala; Ticoalu, Jansje Henny Vera; Tichopad, Ales; Thrift, Amanda G; Thiyagarajan, Arulmani; Thapar, Rekha; Thangaraju, Pugazhenthan; Teramoto, Masayuki; Temsah, Mohamad-Hani; Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash; Tefera, Yibekal Manaye; Taylor, Heather Jean; Taye, Birhan Tsegaw; Tat, Nathan Y; Tarkang, Elvis Enowbeyang
URI: http://acikerisim.sdu.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/123456789/99390

Description:

Background: The six global nutrition targets (GNTs) related to low birthweight, exclusive breastfeeding, child growth (ie, wasting, stunting, and overweight), and anaemia among females of reproductive age were chosen by the World Health Assembly in 2012 as key indicators of maternal and child health, but there has yet to be a comprehensive report on progress for the period 2012 to 2021. We aimed to evaluate levels, trends, and observed-to-expected progress in prevalence and attributable burden from 2012 to 2021, with prevalence projections to 2050, in 204 countries and territories. Methods: The prevalence and attributable burden of each target indicator were estimated by age group, sex, and year in 204 countries and territories from 2012 to 2021 in the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021, the most comprehensive assessment of causes of death, disability, and risk factors to date. Country-specific relative performance to date was evaluated with a Bayesian meta-regression model that compares prevalence to expected values based on Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of societal development status. Target progress was forecasted from 2021 up to 2050 by modelling past trends with meta-regression using a combination of key quantities and then extrapolating future projections of those quantities. Findings: In 2021, a few countries had already met some of the GNTs: five for exclusive breastfeeding, four for stunting, 96 for child wasting, and three for child overweight, and none met the target for low birthweight or anaemia in females of reproductive age. Since 2012, the annualised rates of change (ARC) in the prevalence of child overweight increased in 201 countries and territories and ARC in the prevalence of anaemia in females of reproductive age decreased considerably in 26 countries. Between 2012 and 2021, SDI was strongly associated with indicator prevalence, apart from exclusive breastfeeding (|r-|=0·46–0·86). Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa had a decrease in the prevalence of multiple indicators that was more rapid than expected on the basis of SDI (the differences between observed and expected ARCs for child stunting and wasting were –0·5% and –1·3%, respectively). The ARC in the attributable burden of low birthweight, child stunting, and child wasting decreased faster than the ARC of the prevalence for each in most low-income and middle-income countries. In 2030, we project that 94 countries will meet one of the six targets, 21 countries will meet two targets, and 89 countries will not meet any targets. We project that seven countries will meet the target for exclusive breastfeeding, 28 for child stunting, and 101 for child wasting, and no countries will meet the targets for low birthweight, child overweight, and anaemia. In 2050, we project that seven additional countries will meet the target for exclusive breastfeeding, five for low birthweight, 96 for child stunting, nine for child wasting, and one for child overweight, and no countries are projected to meet the anaemia target. Interpretation: Based on current levels and past trends, few GNTs will be met by 2030. Major reductions in attributable burden for exclusive breastfeeding and anthropometric indicators should be recognised as huge scientific and policy successes, but the comparative lack of progress in reducing the prevalence of each, along with stagnant anaemia in women of reproductive age and widespread increases in child overweight, suggests a tenuous status quo. Continued investment in preventive and treatment efforts for acute childhood illness is crucial to prevent backsliding. Parallel development of effective treatments, along with commitment to multisectoral, long-term policies to address the determinants and causes of suboptimal nutrition, are sorely needed to gain ground. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

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