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Global investments in pandemic preparedness and COVID-19: development assistance and domestic spending on health between 1990 and 2026

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dc.creator Ancuceanu, Robert
dc.creator YİĞİT, Vahit
dc.creator Yigit, Arzu
dc.creator Micah, Angela E
dc.creator Bhangdia, Kayleigh
dc.creator Cogswell, Ian E
dc.creator Lasher, Dylan
dc.creator Lidral-Porter, Brendan
dc.creator Maddison, Emilie R
dc.creator Nguyen, Trang Nhu Ngoc
dc.creator Patel, Nishali
dc.creator Pedroza, Paola
dc.creator Solorio, Juan
dc.creator Stutzman, Hayley
dc.creator Tsakalos, Golsum
dc.creator Wang, Yifeng
dc.creator Warriner, Wesley
dc.creator Zhao, Yingxi
dc.creator Zlavog, Bianca S
dc.creator Abbafati, Cristiana
dc.creator Abbas, Jaffar
dc.creator Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen
dc.creator Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab
dc.creator Abdelmasseh, Michael
dc.creator Abdulah, Deldar Morad
dc.creator Abedi, Aidin
dc.creator Abegaz, Kedir Hussein
dc.creator Abhilash, E.S.
dc.creator Aboagye, Richard Gyan
dc.creator Abolhassani, Hassan
dc.creator Abrigo, Michael R M
dc.creator Abubaker Ali, Hiwa
dc.creator Abu-Gharbieh, Eman
dc.creator Adem, Mohammed Hussien
dc.creator Afzal, Muhammad Sohail
dc.creator Ahmadi, Ali
dc.creator Ahmed, Haroon
dc.creator Ahmed Rashid, Tarik
dc.creator Aji, Budi
dc.creator Akbarialiabad, Hossein
dc.creator Akelew, Yibeltal
dc.creator Al Hamad, Hanadi
dc.creator Alam, Khurshid
dc.creator Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour
dc.creator Alanzi, Turki M
dc.creator Al-Hanawi, Mohammed Khaled
dc.creator Alhassan, Robert Kaba
dc.creator Aljunid, Syed Mohamed
dc.creator Almustanyir, Sami
dc.creator Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M
dc.creator Alvis-Guzman, Nelson
dc.creator Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J
dc.creator Amare, Azmeraw T
dc.creator Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena
dc.creator Amini-Rarani, Mostafa
dc.creator Amu, Hubert
dc.creator Andrei, Tudorel
dc.creator Anwar, Sumadi Lukman
dc.creator Appiah, Francis
dc.creator Aqeel, Muhammad
dc.creator Arabloo, Jalal
dc.creator Arab-Zozani, Morteza
dc.creator Aravkin, Aleksandr Y
dc.creator Aremu, Olatunde
dc.creator Aruleba, Raphael Taiwo
dc.creator Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin
dc.creator Avila-Burgos, Leticia
dc.creator Ayanore, Martin Amogre
dc.creator Azari, Samad
dc.creator Baig, Atif Amin
dc.creator Bantie, Abere Tilahun
dc.creator Barrow, Amadou
dc.creator Baskaran, Pritish
dc.creator Basu, Sanjay
dc.creator Batiha, Abdul-Monim Mohammad
dc.creator Baune, Bernhard T
dc.creator Berezvai, Zombor
dc.creator Bhardwaj, Nikha
dc.creator Bhardwaj, Pankaj
dc.creator Bhaskar, Sonu
dc.creator Boachie, Micheal Kofi
dc.creator Bodolica, Virginia
dc.creator Botelho, João Silva Botelho
dc.creator Braithwaite, Dejana
dc.creator Breitborde, Nicholas J K
dc.creator Busse, Reinhard
dc.creator Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero
dc.creator Catalá-López, Ferrán
dc.creator Chansa, Collins
dc.creator Charan, Jaykaran
dc.creator Chattu, Vijay Kumar
dc.creator Chen, Simiao
dc.creator Chukwu, Isaac Sunday
dc.creator Dadras, Omid
dc.creator Dandona, Lalit
dc.creator Dandona, Rakhi
dc.creator Dargahi, Abdollah
dc.creator Debela, Sisay Abebe
dc.creator Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar
dc.creator Desye, Belay
dc.creator Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda
dc.creator Diao, Nancy
dc.creator Doan, Linh Phuong
dc.creator Dodangeh, Milad
dc.creator dos Santos, Wendel Mombaque
dc.creator Doshmangir, Leila
dc.creator Dube, John
dc.creator Eini, Ebrahim
dc.creator El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa
dc.creator El Tantawi, Maha
dc.creator Enyew, Daniel Berhanie
dc.creator Eskandarieh, Sharareh
dc.creator Ezati Asar, Mohamad
dc.creator Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis
dc.creator Faraon, Emerito Jose A
dc.creator Fatehizadeh, Ali
dc.creator Fattahi, Hamed
dc.creator Fekadu, Ginenus
dc.creator Fischer, Florian
dc.creator Foigt, Nataliya A
dc.creator Fowobaje, Kayode Raphael
dc.creator Freitas, Alberto
dc.creator Fukumoto, Takeshi
dc.creator Fullman, Nancy
dc.creator Gaal, Peter Andras
dc.creator Gamkrelidze, Amiran
dc.creator Garcia-Gordillo, M.A.
dc.creator Gebrehiwot, Mesfin
dc.creator Gerema, Urge
dc.creator Ghafourifard, Mansour
dc.creator Ghamari, Seyyed-Hadi
dc.creator Ghanbari, Reza
dc.creator Ghashghaee, Ahmad
dc.creator Gholamrezanezhad, Ali
dc.creator Golechha, Mahaveer
dc.creator Golinelli, Davide
dc.creator Goshu, Yitayal Ayalew
dc.creator Goyomsa, Girma Garedew
dc.creator Guha, Avirup
dc.creator Gunawardane, Damitha Asanga
dc.creator Gupta, Bhawna
dc.creator Hamidi, Samer
dc.creator Harapan, Harapan
dc.creator Hashempour, Reza
dc.creator Hayat, Khezar
dc.creator Heidari, Golnaz
dc.creator Heredia-Pi, Ileana
dc.creator Herteliu, Claudiu
dc.creator Heyi, Demisu Zenbaba
dc.creator Hezam, Kamal
dc.creator Hiraike, Yuta
dc.creator Hlongwa, Mbuzeleni Mbuzeleni
dc.creator Holla, Ramesh
dc.creator Hoque, Mohammad Enamul
dc.creator Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi
dc.creator Hostiuc, Sorin
dc.creator Hussain, Salman
dc.creator Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen
dc.creator Immurana, Mustapha
dc.creator Iradukunda, Arnaud
dc.creator Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah
dc.creator Isola, Gaetano
dc.creator J, Linda Merin
dc.creator Jakovljevic, Mihajlo
dc.creator Jalili, Mahsa
dc.creator Janodia, Manthan Dilipkumar
dc.creator Javaheri, Tahereh
dc.creator Jayapal, Sathish Kumar
dc.creator Jemere, Digisie Mequanint
dc.creator Joo, Tamas
dc.creator Joseph, Nitin
dc.creator Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy
dc.creator Jürisson, Mikk
dc.creator Kaambwa, Billingsley
dc.creator Kadashetti, Vidya
dc.creator Kadel, Rajendra
dc.creator Kadir, Dler Hussein
dc.creator Kalankesh, Laleh R
dc.creator Kamath, Rajesh
dc.creator Kandel, Himal
dc.creator Kantar, Rami S
dc.creator Karanth, Shama D
dc.creator Karaye, Ibraheem M
dc.creator Karimi, Salah Eddin
dc.creator Kassa, Bekalu Getnet
dc.creator Kayode, Gbenga A
dc.creator Keikavoosi-Arani, Leila
dc.creator Keshri, Vikash Ranjan
dc.creator Keskin, Cumali
dc.creator Khader, Yousef Saleh
dc.creator Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif
dc.creator Khajuria, Himanshu
dc.creator Khayat Kashani, Hamid Reza
dc.creator Kifle, Zemene Demelash
dc.creator Kim, Hanna
dc.creator Kim, Jihee
dc.creator Kim, Min Seo
dc.creator Kim, Yun Jin
dc.creator Kisa, Adnan
dc.creator Kohler, Stefan
dc.creator Kompani, Farzad
dc.creator Kosen, Soewarta
dc.creator Koulmane Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi
dc.creator Koyanagi, Ai
dc.creator Krishan, Kewal
dc.creator Kusuma, Dian
dc.creator Lám, Judit
dc.creator Lamnisos, Demetris
dc.creator Larsson, Anders O
dc.creator Lee, Sang-woong
dc.creator Lee, Shaun Wen Huey
dc.creator Lee, Wei-Chen
dc.creator Lee, Yo Han
dc.creator Lenzi, Jacopo
dc.creator Lim, Lee-Ling
dc.creator Lorenzovici, László
dc.creator Lozano, Rafael
dc.creator Machado, Vanessa Sintra Machado
dc.creator Madadizadeh, Farzan
dc.creator Magdy Abd El Razek, Mohammed
dc.creator Mahmoudi, Razzagh
dc.creator Majeed, Azeem
dc.creator Malekpour, Mohammad-Reza
dc.creator Manda, Ana Laura
dc.creator Mansouri, Borhan
dc.creator Mansournia, Mohammad Ali
dc.creator Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni
dc.creator Marrugo Arnedo, Carlos Alberto
dc.creator Martorell, Miquel
dc.creator Masoud, Ali
dc.creator Mathews, Elezebeth
dc.creator Maude, Richard James
dc.creator Mechili, Enkeleint A
dc.creator Mehrabi Nasab, Entezar
dc.creator Mendes, José João João Mendes
dc.creator Meretoja, Atte
dc.creator Meretoja, Tuomo J
dc.creator Mesregah, Mohamed Kamal
dc.creator Mestrovic, Tomislav
dc.creator Mirica, Andreea
dc.creator Mirrakhimov, Erkin M
dc.creator Mirutse, Mizan Kiros
dc.creator Mirza, Moonis
dc.creator Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, Mohammad
dc.creator Misganaw, Awoke
dc.creator Moccia, Marcello
dc.creator Moghadasi, Javad
dc.creator Mohammadi, Esmaeil
dc.creator Mohammadi, Mokhtar
dc.creator Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah
dc.creator Mohammadshahi, Marita
dc.creator Mohammed, Shafiu
dc.creator Mohseni, Mohammad
dc.creator Mokdad, Ali H
dc.creator Monasta, Lorenzo
dc.creator Mossialos, Elias
dc.creator Mostafavi, Ebrahim
dc.creator Mousavi Isfahani, Haleh
dc.creator Mpundu-Kaambwa, Christine
dc.creator Murthy, Shruti
dc.creator Muthupandian, Saravanan
dc.creator Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman
dc.creator Naidoo, Kovin S
dc.creator Naimzada, Mukhammad David
dc.creator Nangia, Vinay
dc.creator Naqvi, Atta Abbas
dc.creator Nayak, Biswa Prakash
dc.creator Ndejjo, Rawlance
dc.creator Nguyen, Trang Huyen
dc.creator Noroozi, Nafise
dc.creator Noubiap, Jean Jacques
dc.creator Nuruzzaman, Khan M
dc.creator Nzoputam, Chimezie Igwegbe
dc.creator Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet
dc.creator Oancea, Bogdan
dc.creator Obi, Felix Chukwudi Abrahams
dc.creator Ogunkoya, Abiola
dc.creator Oh, In-Hwan
dc.creator Okonji, Osaretin Christabel
dc.creator Olagunju, Andrew T
dc.creator Olagunju, Tinuke O
dc.creator Olakunde, Babayemi Oluwaseun
dc.creator Omar Bali, Ahmed
dc.creator Onwujekwe, Obinna E
dc.creator Opio, John Nelson
dc.creator Otoiu, Adrian
dc.creator Otstavnov, Nikita
dc.creator Otstavnov, Stanislav S
dc.creator Owolabi, Mayowa O
dc.creator Palicz, Tamás
dc.creator Palladino, Raffaele
dc.creator Pana, Adrian
dc.creator Parekh, Tarang
dc.creator Pasupula, Deepak Kumar
dc.creator Patel, Jay
dc.creator Patton, George C
dc.creator Paudel, Uttam
dc.creator Paun, Mihaela
dc.creator Pawar, Shrikant
dc.creator Perna, Simone
dc.creator Perumalsamy, Navaraj
dc.creator Petcu, Ionela-Roxana
dc.creator Piracha, Zahra Zahid
dc.creator Poursadeqiyan, Mohsen
dc.creator Pourtaheri, Naeimeh
dc.creator Prada, Sergio I
dc.creator Rafiei, Sima
dc.creator Raghav, Pankaja Raghav
dc.creator Rahim, Fakher
dc.creator Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur
dc.creator Rahman, Mosiur
dc.creator Rahmani, Amir Masoud
dc.creator Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal
dc.creator Raru, Temam Beshir
dc.creator Rashedi, Sina
dc.creator Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi
dc.creator Ravangard, Ramin
dc.creator Rawaf, Salman
dc.creator Rawassizadeh, Reza
dc.creator Redwan, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed
dc.creator Reiner, Robert C
dc.creator Renzaho, Andre M N
dc.creator Rezaei, Maryam
dc.creator Rezaei, Nazila
dc.creator Riaz, Mavra A
dc.creator Rodriguez, Jefferson Antonio Buendia
dc.creator Saad, Aly M A
dc.creator Saddik, Basema
dc.creator Sadeghian, Saeid
dc.creator Saeb, Mohammad Reza
dc.creator Saeed, Umar
dc.creator Sahu, Maitreyi
dc.creator Saki, Morteza
dc.creator Salamati, Payman
dc.creator Salari, Hedayat
dc.creator Salehi, Sana
dc.creator Samy, Abdallah M
dc.creator Sanabria, Juan
dc.creator Sanmarchi, Francesco
dc.creator Santos, João Vasco
dc.creator Santric-Milicevic, Milena M
dc.creator Sao Jose, Bruno Piassi
dc.creator Sarikhani, Yaser
dc.creator Sathian, Brijesh
dc.creator Satpathy, Maheswar
dc.creator Savic, Miloje
dc.creator Sayadi, Yaser
dc.creator Schwendicke, Falk
dc.creator Senthilkumaran, Subramanian
dc.creator Sepanlou, Sadaf G
dc.creator Serván-Mori, Edson
dc.creator Setshegetso, Naomi
dc.creator Seylani, Allen
dc.creator Shahabi, Saeed
dc.creator Shaikh, Masood Ali
dc.creator Shakhmardanov, Murad Ziyaudinovich
dc.creator Shanawaz, Mohd
dc.creator Sharew, Mequannent Melaku Sharew
dc.creator Sharew, Nigussie Tadesse
dc.creator Sharma, Rajesh
dc.creator Shayan, Maryam
dc.creator Sheikh, Aziz
dc.creator Shenoy, Suchitra M
dc.creator Shetty, Adithi
dc.creator Shetty, Pavanchand H
dc.creator Shivakumar, K.M.
dc.creator Silva, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues
dc.creator Simegn, Wudneh
dc.creator Singh, Jasvinder A
dc.creator Singh, Kuldeep
dc.creator Skhvitaridze, Natia
dc.creator Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich
dc.creator Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna
dc.creator Socea, Bogdan
dc.creator Solomon, Yonatan
dc.creator Song, Suhang
dc.creator Ștefan, Simona Cătălina
dc.creator Suleman, Muhammad
dc.creator Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael
dc.creator Tat, Nathan Y
dc.creator Tat, Vivian Y
dc.creator Tefera, Belay Negash
dc.creator Tichopad, Ales
dc.creator Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan
dc.creator Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto
dc.creator Tudor Car, Lorainne
dc.creator Tufa, Derara Girma
dc.creator Vasankari, Tommi Juhani
dc.creator Vasic, Milena
dc.creator Vervoort, Dominique
dc.creator Vlassov, Vasily
dc.creator Vo, Bay
dc.creator Vu, Linh Gia
dc.creator Waheed, Yasir
dc.creator Wamai, Richard G
dc.creator Wang, Cong
dc.creator Wassie, Gizachew Tadesse
dc.creator Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana
dc.creator Yaya, Sanni
dc.creator Yonemoto, Naohiro
dc.creator Younis, Mustafa Z
dc.creator Yu, Chuanhua
dc.creator Yunusa, Ismaeel
dc.creator Zaki, Leila
dc.creator Zaman, Burhan Abdullah
dc.creator Zangeneh, Alireza
dc.creator Zare Dehnavi, Ali
dc.creator Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich
dc.creator Zeng, Wu
dc.creator Zhang, Zhi-Jiang
dc.creator Zuhlke, Liesl J
dc.creator Zuniga, Yves Miel H
dc.creator Hay, Simon I
dc.creator Murray, Christopher J L
dc.creator Dieleman, Joseph L
dc.date 2023-03-01T00:00:00Z
dc.date.accessioned 2025-02-25T10:39:56Z
dc.date.available 2025-02-25T10:39:56Z
dc.identifier e0528da9-5af2-4fc1-8aa8-f7c99fe2797c
dc.identifier 10.1016/s2214-109x(23)00007-4
dc.identifier https://avesis.sdu.edu.tr/publication/details/e0528da9-5af2-4fc1-8aa8-f7c99fe2797c/oai
dc.identifier.uri http://acikerisim.sdu.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/123456789/101648
dc.description Background: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted gaps in health surveillance systems, disease prevention, and treatment globally. Among the many factors that might have led to these gaps is the issue of the financing of national health systems, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), as well as a robust global system for pandemic preparedness. We aimed to provide a comparative assessment of global health spending at the onset of the pandemic; characterise the amount of development assistance for pandemic preparedness and response disbursed in the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic; and examine expectations for future health spending and put into context the expected need for investment in pandemic preparedness. Methods: In this analysis of global health spending between 1990 and 2021, and prediction from 2021 to 2026, we estimated four sources of health spending: development assistance for health (DAH), government spending, out-of-pocket spending, and prepaid private spending across 204 countries and territories. We used the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)'s Creditor Reporting System (CRS) and the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED) to estimate spending. We estimated development assistance for general health, COVID-19 response, and pandemic preparedness and response using a keyword search. Health spending estimates were combined with estimates of resources needed for pandemic prevention and preparedness to analyse future health spending patterns, relative to need. Findings: In 2019, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, US$9·2 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·1–9·3) was spent on health worldwide. We found great disparities in the amount of resources devoted to health, with high-income countries spending $7·3 trillion (95% UI 7·2–7·4) in 2019; 293·7 times the $24·8 billion (95% UI 24·3–25·3) spent by low-income countries in 2019. That same year, $43·1 billion in development assistance was provided to maintain or improve health. The pandemic led to an unprecedented increase in development assistance targeted towards health; in 2020 and 2021, $1·8 billion in DAH contributions was provided towards pandemic preparedness in LMICs, and $37·8 billion was provided for the health-related COVID-19 response. Although the support for pandemic preparedness is 12·2% of the recommended target by the High-Level Independent Panel (HLIP), the support provided for the health-related COVID-19 response is 252·2% of the recommended target. Additionally, projected spending estimates suggest that between 2022 and 2026, governments in 17 (95% UI 11–21) of the 137 LMICs will observe an increase in national government health spending equivalent to an addition of 1% of GDP, as recommended by the HLIP. Interpretation: There was an unprecedented scale-up in DAH in 2020 and 2021. We have a unique opportunity at this time to sustain funding for crucial global health functions, including pandemic preparedness. However, historical patterns of underfunding of pandemic preparedness suggest that deliberate effort must be made to ensure funding is maintained. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
dc.language eng
dc.rights info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.title Global investments in pandemic preparedness and COVID-19: development assistance and domestic spending on health between 1990 and 2026
dc.type info:eu-repo/semantics/article


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